Diacylhydrazine Ligands for Modulating the Expression of Exogenous Genes in Mammalian Systems via an Ecdysone Receptor Complex

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to non-steroidal ligands for use in nuclear receptor-based inducible gene expression system, and a method to modulate exogenous gene expression in which an ecdysone receptor complex comprising: a DNA binding domain; a ligand binding domain; a transactivation domain; and a ligand is contacted with a DNA construct comprising: the exogenous gene and a response element; wherein the exogenous gene is under the control of the response element and binding of the DNA binding domain to the response element in the presence of the ligand results in activation or suppression of the gene.

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application No.60/446,233 filed Feb. 10, 2003.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of biotechnology or geneticengineering. Specifically, this invention relates to the field of geneexpression. More specifically, this invention relates to non-steroidalligands for natural and mutated nuclear receptors and their use in anuclear receptor-based inducible gene expression system and methods ofmodulating the expression of a gene within a host cell using theseligands and inducible gene expression system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Various publications are cited herein, the disclosures of which areincorporated by reference in their entireties. However, the citation ofany reference herein should not be construed as an admission that suchreference is available as “Prior Art” to the instant application.

In the field of genetic engineering, precise control of gene expressionis a valuable tool for studying, manipulating, and controllingdevelopment and other physiological processes. Gene expression is acomplex biological process involving a number of specificprotein-protein interactions. In order for gene expression to betriggered, such that it produces the RNA necessary as the first step inprotein synthesis, a transcriptional activator must be brought intoproximity of a promoter that controls gene transcription. Typically, thetranscriptional activator itself is associated with a protein that hasat least one DNA binding domain that binds to DNA binding sites presentin the promoter regions of genes. Thus, for gene expression to occur, aprotein comprising a DNA binding domain and a transactivation domainlocated at an appropriate distance from the DNA binding domain must bebrought into the correct position in the promoter region of the gene.

The traditional transgenic approach utilizes a cell-type specificpromoter to drive the expression of a designed transgene. A DNAconstruct containing the transgene is first incorporated into a hostgenome. When triggered by a transcriptional activator, expression of thetransgene occurs in a given cell type.

Another means to regulate expression of foreign genes in cells isthrough inducible promoters. Examples of the use of such induciblepromoters include the PR1-a promoter, prokaryotic repressor-operatorsystems, immunosuppressive-immunophilin systems, and higher eukaryotictranscription activation systems such as steroid hormone receptorsystems and are described below.

The PR1-a promoter from tobacco is induced during the systemic acquiredresistance response following pathogen attack. The use of PR1-a may belimited because it often responds to endogenous materials and externalfactors such as pathogens, UV-B radiation, and pollutants. Generegulation systems based on promoters induced by heat shock, interferonand heavy metals have been described (Wurn et al., 1986, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 83:5414-5418; Amheiter et al., 1990 Cell 62:51-61; Filmuset al., 1992 Nucleic Acids Research 20:27550-27560). However, thesesystems have limitations due to their effect on expression of non-targetgenes. These systems are also leaky.

Prokaryotic repressor-operator systems utilize bacterial repressorproteins and the unique operator DNA sequences to which they bind. Boththe tetracycline (“Tet”) and lactose (“Lac”) repressor-operator systemsfrom the bacterium Escherichia coli have been used in plants and animalsto control gene expression. In the Tet system, tetracycline binds to theTetR repressor protein, resulting in a conformational change thatreleases the repressor protein from the operator which as a resultallows transcription to occur. In the Lac system, a lac operon isactivated in response to the presence of lactose, or synthetic analogssuch as isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactoside. Unfortunately, the use of suchsystems is restricted by unstable chemistry of the ligands, i.e.tetracycline and lactose, their toxicity, their natural presence, or therelatively high levels required for induction or repression. For similarreasons, utility of such systems in animals is limited.

Immunosuppressive molecules such as FK506, rapamycin and cyclosporine Acan bind to immunophilins FKBP12, cyclophilin, etc. Using thisinformation, a general strategy has been devised to bring together anytwo proteins simply by placing FK506 on each of the two proteins or byplacing FK506 on one and cyclosporine A on another one. A synthetichomodimer of FK506 (FK1012) or a compound resulted from fusion ofFK506-cyclosporine (FKCsA) can then be used to induce dimerization ofthese molecules (Spencer et al., 1993, Science 262:1019-24; Belshaw etal., 1996 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:4604-7). Gal4 DNA binding domainfused to FKBP12 and VP16 activator domain fused to cyclophilin, andFKCsA compound were used to show heterodimerization and activation of areporter gene under the control of a promoter containing Gal4 bindingsites. Unfortunately, this system includes immunosuppressants that canhave unwanted side effects and therefore, limits its use for variousmammalian gene switch applications.

Higher eukaryotic transcription activation systems such as steroidhormone receptor systems have also been employed. Steroid hormonereceptors are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and are foundin vertebrate and invertebrate cells. Unfortunately, use of steroidalcompounds that activate the receptors for the regulation of geneexpression, particularly in plants and mammals, is limited due to theirinvolvement in many other natural biological pathways in such organisms.In order to overcome such difficulties, an alternative system has beendeveloped using insect ecdysone receptors (EcR).

Growth, molting, and development in insects are regulated by theecdysone steroid hormone (molting hormone) and the juvenile hormones(Dhadialla, et al., 1998. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43: 545-569). Themolecular target for ecdysone in insects consists of at least ecdysonereceptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle protein (USP). EcR is a member of thenuclear steroid receptor super family that is characterized by signatureDNA and ligand binding domains, and an activation domain (Koelle et al.1991, Cell, 67:59-77). EcR receptors are responsive to a number ofsteroidal compounds such as ponasterone A and muristerone A. Recently,non-steroidal compounds with ecdysteroid agonist activity have beendescribed, including the commercially available insecticidestebufenozide and methoxyfenozide that are marketed world wide by Rohmand Haas Company (see International Patent Application No.PCT/EP96/00686 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,028). Both analogs haveexceptional safety profiles to other organisms.

The insect ecdysone receptor (EcR) heterodimerizes with Ultraspiracle(USP), the insect homologue of the mammalian RXR, and binds ecdysteroidsand ecdysone receptor response elements and activate transcription ofecdysone responsive genes. The EcR/USP/ligand complexes play importantroles during insect development and reproduction. The EcR is a member ofthe steroid hormone receptor superfamily and has five modular domains,A/B (transactivation), C (DNA binding, heterodimerization)), D (Hinge,heterodimerization), E (ligand binding, heterodimerization andtransactivation and F (transactivation) domains. Some of these domainssuch as A/B, C and E retain their function when they are fused to otherproteins.

Tightly regulated inducible gene expression systems or “gene switches”are useful for various applications such as gene therapy, large scaleproduction of proteins in cells, cell based high throughput screeningassays, functional genomics and regulation of traits in transgenicplants and animals.

The first version of EcR-based gene switch used Drosophila melanogasterEcR (DmEcR) and Mus musculus RXR (MmRXR) and showed that these receptorsin the presence of steroid, ponasterone A, transactivate reporter genesin mammalian cell lines and transgenic mice (Christopherson K. S., MarkM. R., Baja J. V., Godowski P. J. 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.89: 6314-6318; No D., Yao T. P., Evans R. M., 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. U.S.A. 93: 3346-3351). Later, Suhr et al. 1998, Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. 95:7999-8004 showed that non-steroidal ecdysone agonist,tebufenozide, induced high level of transactivation of reporter genes inmammalian cells through Bombyx mori EcR (BmEcR) in the absence ofexogenous heterodimer partner.

International Patent Applications No. PCT/US97/05330 (WO 97/38117) andPCT/US99/08381 (WO99/58155) disclose methods for modulating theexpression of an exogenous gene in which a DNA construct comprising theexogenous gene and an ecdysone response element is activated by a secondDNA construct comprising an ecdysone receptor that, in the presence of aligand therefor, and optionally in the presence of a receptor capable ofacting as a silent partner, binds to the ecdysone response element toinduce gene expression. The ecdysone receptor of choice was isolatedfrom Drosophila melanogaster. Typically, such systems require thepresence of the silent partner, preferably retinoid X receptor (RXR), inorder to provide optimum activation. In mammalian cells, insect ecdysonereceptor (EcR) heterodimerizes with retinoid X receptor (RXR) andregulates expression of target genes in a ligand dependent manner.International Patent Application No. PCT/US98/14215 (WO 99/02683)discloses that the ecdysone receptor isolated from the silk moth Bombyxmori is functional in mammalian systems without the need for anexogenous dimer partner.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,173 B1 discloses that various members of thesteroid/thyroid superfamily of receptors can combine with Drosophilamelanogaster ultraspiracle receptor (USP) or fragments thereofcomprising at least the dimerization domain of USP for use in a geneexpression system. U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,333 discloses a Drosophilamelanogaster EcR and ultraspiracle (USP) heterodimer system used inplants in which the transactivation domain and the DNA binding domainare positioned on two different hybrid proteins. Unfortunately, theseUSP-based systems are constitutive in animal cells and therefore, arenot effective for regulating reporter gene expression.

In each of these cases, the transactivation domain and the DNA bindingdomain (either as native EcR as in International Patent Application No.PCT/US98/14215 or as modified EcR as in International Patent ApplicationNo. PC/US97/05330) were incorporated into a single molecule and theother heterodimeric partners, either USP or RXR, were used in theirnative state.

Drawbacks of the above described EcR-based gene regulation systemsinclude a considerable background activity in the absence of ligands andnon-applicability of these systems for use in both plants and animals(see U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,333). Therefore, a need exists in the an forimproved EcR-based systems to precisely modulate the expression ofexogenous genes in both plants and animals. Such improved systems wouldbe useful for applications such as gene therapy, large-scale productionof proteins and antibodies, cell-based high throughput screening assays,functional genomics and regulation of traits in transgenic animals. Forcertain applications such as gene therapy, it may be desirable to havean inducible gene expression system that responds well to syntheticnon-steroid ligands and at the same is insensitive to the naturalsteroids. Thus, improved systems that are simple, compact, and dependenton ligands that are relatively inexpensive, readily available, and oflow toxicity to the host would prove useful for regulating biologicalsystems.

Recently, it has been shown that an ecdysone receptor-based induciblegene expression system in which the transactivation and DNA bindingdomains are separated from each other by placing them on two differentproteins results in greatly reduced background activity in the absenceof a ligand and significantly increased activity over background in thepresence of a ligand (pending application PC/US01/09050, incorporatedherein in its entirety by reference). This two-hybrid system is asignificantly improved inducible gene expression modulation systemcompared to the two systems disclosed in applications PCT/US97/05330 andPCT/US98/14215. The two-hybrid system exploits the ability of a pair ofinteracting proteins to bring the transcription activation domain into amore favorable position relative to the DNA binding domain such thatwhen the DNA binding domain binds to the DNA binding site on the gene,the transactivation domain more effectively activates the promoter (see,for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,173). Briefly, the two-hybrid geneexpression system comprises two gone expression cassettes; the firstencoding a DNA binding domain fused to a nuclear receptor polypeptide,and the second encoding a transactivation domain fused to a differentnuclear receptor polypeptide. In the presence of ligand, the interactionof the first polypeptide with the second polypeptide effectively tethersthe DNA binding domain to the transactivation domain. Since the DNAbinding and transactivation domains reside on two different molecules,the background activity in the absence of ligand is greatly reduced.

A two-hybrid system also provides improved sensitivity to non-steroidalligands for example, diacylhydrazines, when compared to steroidalligands for example, ponasterone A (“PonA”) or muristerone A (“MurA”).That is, when compared to steroids, the non-steroidal ligands providehigher activity at a lower concentration. In addition, sincetransactivation based on EcR gene switches is often cell-line dependent,it is easier to tailor switching systems to obtain maximumtransactivation capability for each application. Furthermore, thetwo-hybrid system avoids some side effects due to overexpression of RXRthat often occur when unmodified RXR is used as a switching partner. Ina preferred two-hybrid system, native DNA binding and transactivationdomains of EcR or RXR are eliminated and as a result, these hybridmolecules have less chance of interacting with other steroid hormonereceptors present in the cell resulting in reduced side effects.

With the improvement in ecdysone receptor-based gene regulation systemsthere is an increase in their use in various applications resulting inincreased demand for ligands with higher activity than those currentlyexist. U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,603 B1 (and patents cited therein) discloseddibenzoylhydrazine ligands, however, a need exists for additionalligands with different structures and physicochemical properties. Wehave discovered novel diacylhydrazine ligands which have not previouslybeen described or shown to have the ability to modulate the expressionof transgenes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to non-steroidal ligands for use innuclear receptor-based inducible gene expression system, and methods ofmodulating the expression of a gene within a host cell using theseligands with nuclear receptor-based inducible gene expression systems.

Applicants' invention also relates to methods of modulating geneexpression in a host cell using a gene expression modulation system witha ligand of the present invention. Specifically, Applicants' inventionprovides a method of modulating the expression of a gene in a host cellcomprising the steps of: a) introducing into the host cell a geneexpression modulation system according to the invention; b) introducinginto the host cell a gene expression cassette comprising i) a responseelement comprising a domain to which the DNA binding domain from thefirst hybrid polypeptide of the gene expression modulation system binds;ii) a promoter that is activated by the transactivation domain of thesecond hybrid polypeptide of the gene expression modulation system; andiii) a gene whose expression is to be modulated; and c) introducing intothe host cell a ligand; whereby upon introduction of the ligand into thehost cell, expression of the gene is modulated. Applicants' inventionalso provides a method of modulating the expression of a gene in a hostcell comprising a gene expression cassette comprising a response elementcomprising a domain to which the DNA binding domain from the firsthybrid polypeptide of the gene expression modulation system binds; apromoter that is activated by the transactivation domain of the secondhybrid polypeptide of the gene expression modulation system, and a genewhose expression is to be modulated; wherein the method comprises thesteps of: a) introducing into the host cell a gene expression modulationsystem according to the invention; and b) introducing into the host cella ligand; whereby upon introduction of the ligand into the host,expression of the gene is modulated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Applicants have discovered novel ligands for natural and mutated nuclearreceptors. Thus, Applicants' invention provides a ligand for use withecdysone receptor-based inducible gene expression system useful formodulating expression of a gene of interest in a host cell. In aparticularly desirable embodiment, Applicants' invention provides aninducible gene expression system that has a reduced level of backgroundgene expression and responds to submicromolar concentrations ofnon-steroidal ligand. Thus, Applicants' novel ligands and inducible geneexpression system and its use in methods of modulating gene expressionin a host cell overcome the limitations of currently available inducibleexpression systems and provide the skilled artisan with an effectivemeans to control gene expression.

The present invention is useful for applications such as gene therapy,large scale production of proteins and antibodies, cell-based highthroughput screening assays, functional genomics, proteomics,metabolomics, and regulation of traits in transgenic organisms, wherecontrol of gene expression levels is desirable. An advantage ofApplicants' invention is that it provides a means to regulate geneexpression and to tailor expression levels to suit the user'srequirements.

The present invention pertains to compounds of the general formula:

wherein X and X′ are independently O or S;

Y is:

-   -   (a) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl wherein the        substitutents are independently 1-5 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₂-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),        (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, cyano, or nitro; or    -   (b) substituted or unsubstituted 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or        4-pyridyl, wherein the substitutents are independently 1-4 H,        (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br,        I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, cyano, or nitro;

R¹ and R² are independently: H; cyano; cyano-substituted orunsubstituted (C₁-C₇) branched or straight-chain alkyl;cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₇) branched or straight-chainalkenyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₃-C₇) branched orstraight-chain alkenylalkyl; or together the valences of R¹ and R² forma (C₁-C₇) cyano-substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group(R^(a)R^(b)C═) wherein the sum of non-substituent carbons in R^(a) andR^(b) is 0-6;

R³ is H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyano;

R⁴, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently; H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,(C₂-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino,cyano, or nitro; and

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₂-C₄)alkenyl,(C₃-C₄)alkenylalkyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, cyano, nitro, or together as a linkage ofthe type (—OCHR⁹CHR¹⁰O—) form a ring with the phenyl carbons to whichthey are attached; wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently: H, halo,(C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₃-C₃)alkenyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl,benzoyloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₃)alkyl, formyl,formyl(C₁-C₃)alkyl, cyano, cyano(C₁-C₃)alkyl, carboxy,carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₃)alkyl,(C₁-C₃)alkylcarbonyl(C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkanoyloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl,amino(C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkylamino(C₃-C₃)alkyl (—(CH₂)_(n)R^(c)R^(e)),oximo (—CH═NOH), oximo(C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoximo (—C═NOR^(d)),alkoximo(C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)carboxamido (—C(O)NR^(e)R^(f)),(C₁-C₃)carboxamido(C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)semicarbazido(—C═NNHC(O)NR^(e)R^(f)), semicarbazido(C₁-C₃)alkyl, aminocarbonyloxy(—OC(O)NHR⁸), aminocarbonyloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl,pentafluorophenyloxycarbonyl, pentafluorophenyloxycarbonyl(C₁-C₃)alkyl,p-toluenesulfonyloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl, arylsulfonyloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl,(C₁-C₃)thio(C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkylsulfoxido(C₁-C₃)alkyl,(C₁-C₃)alkylsulfonyl(C₁-C₃)alkyl, or(C₁-C₃)trisubstituted-siloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl (—(CH₂)_(n)SiOR^(d)R^(c)R^(g));wherein n=1-3, R^(c) and R^(d) represent straight or branchedhydrocarbon chains of the indicated length. R^(e), R^(f) represent H orstraight or branched hydrocarbon chains of the indicated length, R^(g)represents (C₁-C₃)alkyl or aryl optionally substituted with halo or(C₁-C₃)alkyl, and R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) are independentof one another;

provided that

-   -   i when R⁹ and R¹⁰ are both H, or    -   ii when either R⁹ or R¹⁰ are halo, (C₁-C₃)alkyl,        (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl, or benzoyloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl, or    -   iii when R⁵ and R⁶ do not together form a linkage of the type        (—OCHR⁹CHR¹⁰O—).

then the number of carbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution,for either or both of groups R¹ or R² is greater than 4, and the numberof carbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution, for the sum ofgroups R¹, R², and R³ is 10, 11, or 12.

Compounds of the general formula are preferred when:

X and X′ are O;

Y is:

-   -   (a) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl wherein the        substitutents are independently 1-5 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or        nitro; or    -   (b) substituted or unsubstituted 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or        4-pyridyl, wherein the substitutents are independently 1-4 H,        (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),        (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or nitro;

R¹ and R² are independently: H; cyano; cyano-substituted orunsubstituted (C₁-C₇) branched or straight-chain alkyl;cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₇) branched or straight-chainalkenyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₃-C₇) branched orstraight-chain alkenylalkyl; or together the valences of R¹ and R² forma (C₁-C₇) cyano-substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group(R^(a)R^(b)C═) wherein the sum of non-substituent carbons in R^(a) andR^(b) is 0-6;

R³ is H, methyl, ethyl, or cyano;

R⁴, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo(F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or nitro; and

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, cyano, nitro, or together as alinkage of the type (—OCHR⁹CHR¹⁰O—) form a ring with the phenyl carbonsto which they are attached: wherein R⁹ or R¹⁰ is H, and the alternate R⁹or R¹⁰ is: H, halo(C₁-C₃)alkyl, formyl, formyl(C₁-C₃)alkyl, cyano,cyano(C₁-C₃)alkyl, carboxy, carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl, amino(C₁-C₃)alkyl,(C₁-C₃)alkylamino(C₁-C₃)alkyl (—(CH₂)_(n)R^(c)R^(e)), oximo (—CH═NOH),oximo(C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoximo (—C═NOR^(d)), alkoximo(C₁-C₃)alkyl,(C₁-C₃)carboxamido (—C(O)NR^(e)R^(f)), (C₁-C₃)carboxamido(C₁-C₃)alkyl,(C₁-C₃)semicarbazido (—C═NNHC(O)NR^(e)R^(f)), semicarbazido(C₁-C₃)alkyl,aminocarbonyloxy (—OC(O)NHR^(g)), aminocarbonyloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl,pentafluorophenyloxycarbonyl, pentafluorophenyloxycarbonyl(C₁-C₃)alkyl,p-toluenesulfonyloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl, arylsulfonyloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl,(C₁-C₃)thio(C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkylsulfoxido(C₁-C₃)alkyl,(C₁-C₃)alkylsulfonyl(C₁-C₃)alkyl, or(C₁-C₅)trisubstituted-siloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl (—(CH₂)_(n)SiOR^(d)R^(e)R^(g));wherein n=1-3, R^(c) and R^(d) represent straight or branchedhydrocarbon chains of the indicated length, R^(e), R^(f) represent H orstraight or branched hydrocarbon chains of the indicated length, R^(g)represents (C₁-C₃)alkyl or aryl optionally substituted with halo or(C₁-C₃)alkyl, and R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) are independentof one another;

provided that

-   -   i when R⁹ and R¹⁰ are both H, or    -   ii when R⁵ and R⁶ do not together form a linkage of the type        (—OCHR⁹CHR¹⁰O—),

then the number of carbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution,for either or both of groups R¹ or R² is greater than 4, and the numberof carbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution, for the sum ofgroups R¹, R², and R³ is 10, 11, or 12.

Compounds of the general formula are more preferred when:

X and X′ are O;

Y is:

-   -   (a) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl wherein the        substitutents are independently 1-5 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or        nitro; or    -   (b) substituted or unsubstituted 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or        4-pyridyl, wherein the substitutents are independently 1-4 H,        (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),        (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or nitro;

R¹ and R² are independently: H; cyano; cyano-substituted orunsubstituted (C₁-C₇) branched or straight-chain alkyl;cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₇) branched or straight-chainalkenyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₃-C₇) branched orstraight-chain alkenylalkyl; or together the valences of R¹ and R² forma (C₁-C₇) cyano-substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group(R^(a)R^(b)C═) wherein the sum of non-substituent carbons in R^(a) andR^(b) is 0-6;

R³ is H, methyl, ethyl, or cyano;

R⁴, R⁷, and R⁸ axe independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo(F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or nitro; and

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, cyano, nitro, or together as alinkage of the type (—OCHR⁹CHR¹⁰O—) form a ring with the phenyl carbonsto which they are attached; wherein R⁹ or R¹⁰ is H, and the alternate R⁹or R¹⁰ is: H, halo(C₁-C₃)alkyl, formyl, formyl(C₁-C₃)alkyl, cyano,cyano(C₁-C₃)alkyl, carboxy, caboxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl, amino(C₁-C₃)alkyl,(C₁-C₃)alkylamino(C₁-C₃)alkyl (—(CH₂)_(n)R^(c)R^(e)), oximo (—CH═NOH),oximo(C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoximo (—C═NOR^(d)), alkoximo(C₁-C₃)alkyl,(C₁-C₃)carboxamido (—C(O)NR^(e)R^(f)), (C₁-C₃)carboxamido(C₁-C₃)alkyl,(C₁-C₃)semicarbazido (—C═NNHC(O)NR^(e)R^(f)), semicarbazido(C₁-C₃)alkyl,aminocarbonyloxy (—OC(O)NHR^(g)), aminocarbonyloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl,pentafluorophenyloxycarbonyl, pentafluorophenyloxycarbonyl(C₁-C₃)alkyl,p-toluenesulfonyloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl, arylsulfonyloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl,(C₁-C₃)thio(C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkylsulfoxido(C₁-C₃)alkyl,(C₁-C₃)alkylsulfonyl(C₁-C₃)alkyl, or(C₁-C₅)trisubstituted-siloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl (—(CH₂)

SiOR^(d)R^(e)R^(g)); wherein n=1-3, R^(c) and R^(d) represent straightor branched hydrocarbon chains of the indicated length, R^(e), R^(f)represent H or straight or branched hydrocarbon chains of the indicatedlength, R^(g) represents (C₁-C₃)alkyl or aryl optionally substitutedwith halo or (C₁-C₃)alkyl, and R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) areindependent of one another;

provided that

-   -   i when R⁹ and R¹⁰ are both H, or    -   ii when R⁵ and R⁶ do not together form a linkage of the type        (—OCHR⁹CHR¹⁰O—),

then the number of carbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution,for either or both of groups R¹ or R² is greater than 4, and the numberof carbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution, for the sum ofgroups R¹, R², and R³ is 10, 11, or 12; and

when R⁵ and R⁶ together as a linkage of the type (—OCHR⁹CHR¹⁰O—) form aring with the phenyl carbons to which they are attached, and R⁹ and R¹⁰are not both H,

then R¹ and R² are (C₁-C₄) straight or branched alkyl, and R³ is H ormethyl.

Compounds of the general formula are even more preferred when:

X and X′ are O;

Y is:

-   -   (a) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl wherein the        substitutents are independently 1-5 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; or    -   (b) substituted or unsubstituted 3-pyridyl, wherein the        substitutents are independently 1-4 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl;

R¹ and R² are independently: H; cyano; cyano-substituted orunsubstituted (C₁-C₇) branched or straight-chain alkyl;cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₇) branched or straight-chainalkenyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₃-C₇) branched orstraight-chain alkenylalkyl; or together the valences of R¹ and R² forma (C₁-C₇) cyano-substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group(R^(a)R^(b)C═) wherein the sum of non-substituent carbons in R^(a) andR^(b) is 0-3;

R³ is methyl;

R⁴, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; and

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, or together as a linkage of the type(—OCHR⁹CHR¹⁰O—) form a ring with the phenyl carbons to which they areattached; wherein R⁹ or R¹⁰ is H, and the alternate R⁹ or R¹⁰ is: H,halo(C₁-C₂)alkyl, formyl, cyano(C₁-C₂)alkyl, carboxy, amino(C₁-C₂)alkyl,oximo (—CH═NOH), (C₁-C₂)carboxamido (—C(O)NR^(e)R^(f)),(C₁-C₂)semicarbazido (—C═NNHC(O)NR^(e)R^(f)), aminocarbonyloxy(—OC(O)NHR^(g)), pentafluorophenyloxycarbonyl,p-toluenesulfonyloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl, methylthio(C₁-C₂)alkyl,methylsulfoxido(C₁-C₂)alkyl, methylsulfonyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, or(C₁-C₅)trisubstituted-siloxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl (—(CH₂)

SiOR^(d)R^(e)R^(g)); wherein n=1-3, R^(d) represents a straight orbranched hydrocarbon chain of the indicated length, R^(e), R^(f)represent H or straight or branched hydrocarbon chains of the indicatedlength, R^(g) represents (C₁-C₃)alkyl or aryl optionally substitutedwith halo or (C₁-C₃)alkyl, and R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) areindependent of one another;

provided that

-   -   i) when R⁹ and R¹⁰ are both H, or    -   ii) when R⁵ and R⁶ do not together form a linkage of the type        (—OCHR⁹CHR¹⁰O—),

then the number of carbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution,for either or both of groups R¹ or R² is greater than 4, and the numberof carbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution, for the sum ofgroups R¹, R², and R³ is 10, 11, or 12, and

when R⁵ and R⁶ together as a linkage of the type (—OCHR⁹CHR¹⁰O—) form aring with the phenyl carbons to which they are attached, and R⁹ and R¹⁰are not both H,

then R¹ and R² are methyl.

The compounds of the present invention most preferred are the following:

Compound Reference No. R RG-115789 —CH₂OH RG-115790 —CH₂OSi(tBu)(CH₃)₂RG-115805 —CO₂H RG-115806 —CO₂Me RG-115807 —C═NNHCONH₂ RG-115808—CH2OC(O)NHPh RG-115809 —CH₂CH₂NH₂ RG-115810 —C(O)OC6F5 RG-115811—CONHMe RG-115812 —CHO RG-115813 —CH2OS(O)2Ph-4-CH3 RG-115814 —C═NOHRG-115815 —CH2F RG-115816 —CH₂CN RG-115817 —CH₂SCH₃ RG-115818—CH₂S(O)₂CH₃

Compound Reference No. A-ring substitution B-ring substitution RG-1158434-Et 3,5-di-CH3 RG-115844 4-Et 3,5-di-OCH3, 4-CH3 RG-115853 2-CH3,3-OCH3 3,5-di-CH3 RG-115854 2-CH3, 3-OCH3 3,5-di-OCH3, 4-CH3 RG-115845

RG-115855

RG-115860

RG-115877

RG-115878

RG No. A-ring substitution B-ring substitution RG-115845 4-Et2-OCH3-3-pyridyl RG-115855 2-CH3, 3-OCH3 3,5-di-CH3 RG-115860 2-CH3,3-OCH3 3,5-di-CH3 RG-115877 2-CH3, 3-OCH3 3,5-di-CH3 RG-115878 2-CH3,3-OCH3 3,5-di-CH3

Because the compounds of the general formula of the present inventionmay contain a number of stereogenic carbon atoms, the compounds mayexist as enantiomers, diastereomers, stereoisomers, or their mixtures,even if a stereogenic center is explicitly specified.

DEFINITIONS

When an R^(x) group is specified, wherein x represents a letter a-g, andthe same R^(x) group is also specified with an alkyl group chain lengthsuch as “(C₁-C₃)”, it is understood that the specified chain lengthrefers only to the cases where R^(x) may be alkyl, and does not pertainto cases where R^(x) may be a non-alkyl group, such as H or aryl.

The term “alkyl” includes both branched and straight chain alkyl groups.Typical alkyl groups include, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl,isopentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, isooctyl, nonyl, and decyl.

The term “halo” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.

The term “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with one ormore halo groups such as, for example, chloromethyl, 2-bromoethyl,3-iodopropyl, trifluoromethyl, and perfluoropropyl.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a cyclic aliphatic ring structure,optionally substituted with alkyl, hydroxy, or halo, such ascyclopropyl, methylcyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, 2-hydroxycyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, and 4-chlorocyclohexyl.

The term “hydroxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with one ormore hydroxy groups such as, for example, hydroxymethyl and2,3-dihydroxybutyl.

The term “alkylsulfonyl” refers to a sulfonyl moiety substituted with analkyl group such as, for example, mesyl, and n-propylsulfonyl.

The term “alkenyl” refers to an ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbongroup, straight or branched chain, having 1 or 2 ethylenic bonds suchas, for example, vinyl, allyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isopropenyl, and2-pentenyl.

The term “haloalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group substituted with oneor more halo groups.

The term “alkynyl” refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon group, straightor branched, having 1 or 2 acetylenic bonds such as, for example,ethynyl and propargyl.

The term “alkylcarbonyl” refers to an alkylketo functionality, forexample acetyl, n-butyryl and the like.

The term “heterocyclyl” or “heterocycle” refers to an unsubstituted orsubstituted; saturated, partially unsaturated, or unsaturated 5 or6-membered ring containing one, two or three heteroatoms, preferably oneor two heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting ofoxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. Examples of heterocyclyls include, forexample, pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl,isoquinolinyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, tetrahydrofuryl, pyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, dioxolanyl,and dioxanyl.

The term “alkoxy” includes both branched and straight chain alkyl groupsattached to a terminal oxygen atom. Typical alkoxy groups include, forexample, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, and tert-butoxy.

The term “haloalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group substituted with one ormore halo groups such as, for example chloromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy,difluoromethoxy, and perfluoroisobutoxy.

The term “alkylthio” includes both branched and straight chain alkylgroups attached to a terminal sulfur atom such as, for examplemethylthio.

The term “haloalkylthio” refers to an alkylthio group substituted withone or more halo groups such as, for example trifluoromethylthio.

The term “alkoxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with analkoxy group such as, for example, isopropoxymethyl.

“Silica gel chromatography” refers to a purification method wherein achemical substance of interest is applied as a concentrated sample tothe top of a vertical column of silica gel or chemically-modified silicagel contained in a glass, plastic, or metal cylinder, and elution fromsuch column with a solvent or mixture of solvents.

“Flash chromatography” refers to silica gel chromatography performedunder air, argon, or nitrogen pressure typically in the range of 10 to50 psi.

“Gradient chromatography” refers to silica gel chromatography in whichthe chemical substance is eluted from a column with a progressivelychanging composition of a solvent mixture.

“Rf” is a thin layer chromatography term which refers to the fractionaldistance of movement of a chemical substance of interest on a thin layerchromatography plate, relative to the distance of movement of theeluting solvent system.

“Parr hydrogenator” and “Parr shaker” refer to apparatus available fromParr Instrument Company, Moline Ill., which are designed to facilitatevigorous mixing of a solution containing a chemical substance ofinterest with an optional solid suspended catalyst and a pressurized,contained atmosphere of a reactant gas. Typically, the gas is hydrogenand the catalyst is palladium, platinum, or oxides thereof deposited onsmall charcoal particles. The hydrogen pressure is typically in therange of 30 to 70 psi.

“Dess-Martin reagent” refers to (1,1,1-triacetoxy)-1,1-dihydro1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one as a solution in dichloromethane availablefrom Acros Organics/Fisher Scientific Company, L.L.C.

“PS-NMM” refers to a —SO₂NH(CH₂)₃-morpholine functionalized polystyreneresin available from Argonaut Technologies, San Carlos, Calif.

“AP-NCO” refers to an isocyante-functionalized resin available fromArgonautTechnologies, San Carlos, Calif.

“AP-trisamine” refers to a polystyrene-CH₂NHCH₂CH₂NH(CH₂CH₂NH₂)₂ resinavailable from Argonaut Technologies, San Carlos, Calif.

The term “isolated” for the purposes of the present invention designatesa biological material (nucleic acid or protein) that has been removedfrom its original environment (the environment in which it is naturallypresent). For example, a polynucleotide present in the natural state ina plant or an animal is not isolated, however the same polynucleotideseparated from the adjacent nucleic acids in which it is naturallypresent, is considered “isolated”. The term “purified” does not requirethe material to be present in a form exhibiting absolute purity,exclusive of the presence of other compounds. It is rather a relativedefinition.

A polynucleotide is in the “purified” state after purification of thestarting material or of the natural material by at least one order ofmagnitude, preferably 2 or 3 and preferably 4 or 5 orders of magnitude.

A “nucleic acid” is a polymeric compound comprised of covalently linkedsubunits called nucleotides. Nucleic acid includes polyribonucleic acid(RNA) and polydeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), both of which may besingle-stranded or double-stranded. DNA includes but is not limited tocDNA, genomic DNA, plasmids DNA, synthetic DNA, and semi-synthetic DNA.DNA may be linear, circular, or supercoiled.

A “nucleic acid molecule” refers to the phosphate ester polymeric formof ribonucleosides (adenosine, guanosine, uridine or cytidine; “RNAmolecules”) or deoxyribonucleosides (deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine,deoxythymidine, or deoxycytidine; “DNA molecules”), or any phosphoesteranologs thereof, such as phosphorothioates and thioesters, in eithersingle stranded form, or a double-stranded helix. Double strandedDNA-DNA, DNA-RNA and RNA-RNA helices are possible. The term nucleic acidmolecule, and in particular DNA or RNA molecule, refers only to theprimary and secondary structure of the molecule, and does not limit itto any particular tertiary forms. Thus, this term includesdouble-stranded DNA found, inter alia, in linear or circular DNAmolecules (e.g., restriction fragments), plasmids, and chromosomes. Indiscussing the structure of particular double-stranded DNA molecules,sequences may be described herein according to the normal convention ofgiving only the sequence in the 5′ to 3′ direction along thenon-transcribed strand of DNA (i.e., the strand having a sequencehomologous to the mRNA). A “recombinant DNA molecule” is a DNA moleculethat has undergone a molecular biological manipulation.

The term “fragment” will be understood to mean a nucleotide sequence ofreduced length relative to the reference nucleic acid and comprising,over the common portion, a nucleotide sequence identical to thereference nucleic acid. Such a nucleic acid fragment according to theinvention may be, where appropriate, included in a larger polynucleotideof which it is a constituent. Such fragments comprise, or alternativelyconsist of, oligonucleotides ranging in length from at least 6, 8, 9,10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 39, 40, 42, 45, 48, 50, 51,54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 70, 75, 78, 80, 90, 100, 105, 120, 135, 150, 200,300, 500, 720, 900, 1000 or 1500 consecutive nucleotides of a nucleicacid according to the invention.

As used herein, an “isolated nucleic acid fragment” is a polymer of RNAor DNA that is single- or double-stranded, optionally containingsynthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. An isolated nucleicacid fragment in the form of a polymer of DNA may be comprised of one ormore segments of cDNA, genomic DNA or synthetic DNA.

A “gene” refers to an assembly of nucleotides that encode a polypeptide,and includes cDNA and genomic DNA nucleic acids. “Gene” also refers to anucleic acid fragment that expresses a specific protein or polypeptide,including regulatory sequences preceding (5′ non-coding sequences) andfollowing (3′ non-coding sequences) the coding sequence. “Native gene”refers to a gene as found in nature with its own regulatory sequences.“Chimeric gene” refers to any gene that is not a native gene, comprisingregulatory and/or coding sequences that are not found together innature. Accordingly, a chimeric gene may comprise regulatory sequencesand coding sequences that are derived from different sources, orregulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source,but arranged in a manner different than that found in nature. A chimericgene may comprise coding sequences derived from different sources and/orregulatory sequences derived from different sources. “Endogenous gene”refers to a native gene in its natural location in the genome of anorganism. A “foreign” gene or “heterologous” gene refers to a gene notnormally found in the host organism, but that is introduced into thehost organism by gene transfer. Foreign genes can comprise native genesinserted into a non-native organism, or chimeric genes. A “transgene” isa gene that has been introduced into the genome by a transformationprocedure.

“Heterologous” DNA refers to DNA not naturally located in the cell, orin a chromosomal site of the cell. Preferably, the heterologous DNAincludes a gene foreign to the cell.

The term “genome” includes chromosomal as well as mitochondrial,chloroplast and viral DNA or RNA.

A nucleic acid molecule is “hybridizable” to another nucleic acidmolecule, such as a cDNA, genomic DNA, or RNA, when a single strandedform of the nucleic acid molecule can anneal to the other nucleic acidmolecule under the appropriate conditions of temperature and solutionionic strength (see Sambrook et al., 1989 infra). Hybridization andwashing conditions are well known and exemplified in Sambrook, J.,Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor(1989), particularly Chapter 11 and Table 11.1 therein (entirelyincorporated herein by reference). The conditions of temperature andionic strength determine the “stringency” of the hybridization.

Stringency conditions can be adjusted to screen for moderately similarfragments, such as homologous sequences from distantly relatedorganisms, to highly similar fragments, such as genes that duplicatefunctional enzymes from closely related organisms. For preliminaryscreening for homologous nucleic acids, low stringency hybridizationconditions, corresponding to a T_(m) of 55°, can be used, e.g., 5×SSC,0.1% SDS, 0.25% milk, and no formamide; or 30% formamide, 5×SSC, 0.5%SDS). Moderate stringency hybridization conditions correspond to ahigher T_(m), e.g., 40% formamide, with 5× or 6×SCC. High stringencyhybridization conditions correspond to the highest T_(m), e.g., 50%formamide, 5× or 6×SCC.

Hybridization requires that the two nucleic acids contain complementarysequences, although depending on the stringency of the hybridization,mismatches between bases are possible. The term “complementary” is usedto describe the relationship between nucleotide bases that are capableof hybridizing to one another. For example, with respect to DNA,adenosine is complementary to thymine and cytosine is complementary toguanine. Accordingly, the instant invention also includes isolatednucleic acid fragments that are complementary to the complete sequencesas disclosed or used herein as well as those substantially similarnucleic acid sequences.

In a specific embodiment of the invention, polynucleotides are detectedby employing hybridization conditions comprising a hybridization step atT_(m) of 55° C. and utilizing conditions as set forth above. In apreferred embodiment, the T_(m) is 60° C.; in a more preferredembodiment, the T_(m) is 63° C.; in an even more preferred embodiment,the T_(m) is 65° C.

Post-hybridization washes also determine stringency conditions. One setof preferred conditions uses a series of washes starting with 6×SSC,0.5% SDS at room temperature for 15 minutes (min), then repeated with2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 45° C. for 30 minutes, and then repeated twice with0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 50° C. for 30 minutes. A more preferred set ofstringent conditions uses higher temperatures in which the washes areidentical to those above except for the temperature of the final two 30min washes in 0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS was increased to 60° C. Anotherpreferred set of highly stringent conditions uses two final washes in0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. Hybridization requires that the two nucleicacids comprise complementary sequences, although depending on thestringency of the hybridization, mismatches between bases are possible.

The appropriate stringency for hybridizing nucleic acids depends on thelength of the nucleic acids and the degree of complementation, variableswell known in the art. The greater the degree of similarity or homologybetween two nucleotide sequences, the greater the value of T_(m) forhybrids of nucleic acids having those sequences. The relative stability(corresponding to higher T_(m)) of nucleic acid hybridizations decreasesin the following order: RNA:RNA, DNA:RNA, DNA:DNA. For hybrids ofgreater than 100 nucleotides in length, equations for calculating T_(m)have been derived (see Sambrook et al., supra, 9.50-0.51). Forhybridization with shorter nucleic acids, i.e., oligonucleotides, theposition of mismatches becomes more important, and the length of theoligonucleotide determines its specificity (see Sambrook et al., supra,11.7-11.8).

In a specific embodiment of the invention, polynucleotides are detectedby employing hybridization conditions comprising a hybridization step inless than 500 mM salt and at least 37 degrees Celsius, and a washingstep in 2×SSPE at at least 63 degrees Celsius. In a preferredembodiment, the hybridization conditions comprise less than 200 mM saltand at least 37 degrees Celsius for the hybridization step. In a morepreferred embodiment, the hybridization conditions comprise 2×SSPE and63 degrees Celsius for both the hybridization and washing steps.

In one embodiment, the length for a hybridizable nucleic acid is atleast about 10 nucleotides. Preferable a minimum length for ahybridizable nucleic acid is at least about 15 nucleotides; morepreferably at least about 20 nucleotides; and most preferably the lengthis at least 30 nucleotides. Furthermore, the skilled artisan willrecognize that the temperature and wash solution salt concentration maybe adjusted as necessary according to factors such as length of theprobe.

The term “probe” refers to a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule thatcan base pair with a complementary single stranded target nucleic acidto form a double-stranded molecule.

As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid,generally of at least 18 nucleotides, that is hybridizable to a genomicDNA molecule, a cDNA molecule, a plasmid DNA or an mRNA molecule.Oligonucleotides can be labeled, e.g., with ³²P-nucleotides ornucleotides to which a label, such as biotin, has been covalentlyconjugated. A labeled oligonucleotide can be used as a probe to detectthe presence of a nucleic acid. Oligonucleotides (one or both of whichmay be labeled) can be used as PCR primers, either for cloning fulllength or a fragment of a nucleic acid, or to detect the presence of anucleic acid. An oligonucleotide can also be used to form a triple helixwith a DNA molecule. Generally, oligonucleotides are preparedsynthetically, preferably on a nucleic acid synthesizer. Accordingly,oligonucleotides can be prepared with non-naturally occurringphosphoester analog bonds, such as thioester bonds, etc.

A “primer” is an oligonucleotide that hybridizes to a target nucleicacid sequence to create a double stranded nucleic acid region that canserve as an initiation point for DNA synthesis under suitableconditions. Such primers may be used in a polymerase chain reaction.

“Polymerase chain reaction” is abbreviated PCR and means an in vitromethod for enzymatically amplifying specific nucleic acid sequences. PCRinvolves a repetitive series of temperature cycles with each cyclecomprising three stages: denaturation of the template nucleic acid toseparate the strands of the target molecule, annealing a single strandedPCR oligonucleotide primer to the template nucleic acid, and extensionof the annealed primer(s) by DNA polymerase. PCR provides a means todetect the presence of the target molecule and, under quantitative orsemi-quantitative conditions, to determine the relative amount of thattarget molecule within the starting pool of nucleic acids.

“Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction” is abbreviated RT-PCRand means an in vitro method for enzymatically producing a target cDNAmolecule or molecules from an RNA molecule or molecules, followed byenzymatic amplification of a specific nucleic acid sequence or sequenceswithin the target cDNA molecule or molecules as described above. RT-PCRalso provides a means to detect the presence of the target molecule and,under quantitative or semi-quantitative conditions, to determine therelative amount of that target molecule within the starting pool ofnucleic acids.

A DNA “coding sequence” is a double-stranded DNA sequence that istranscribed and translated into a polypeptide in a cell in vitro or invivo when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences.“Suitable regulatory sequences” refer to nucleotide sequences locatedupstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-codingsequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription,RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated codingsequence. Regulatory sequences may include promoters, translation leadersequences, introns, polyadenylation recognition sequences, RNAprocessing site, effector binding site and stem-loop structure. Theboundaries of the coding sequence are determined by a start codon at the5′ (amino) terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3′ (carboxyl)terminus. A coding sequence can include, but is not limited to,prokaryotic sequences, cDNA from mRNA, genomic DNA sequences, and evensynthetic DNA sequences. If the coding sequence is intended forexpression in a eukaryotic cell, a polyadenylation signal andtranscription termination sequence will usually be located 3′ to thecoding sequence.

“Open reading frame” is abbreviated ORF and means a length of nucleicacid sequence, either DNA, cDNA or RNA, that comprises a translationstart signal or initiation codon, such as an ATG or AUG, and atermination codon and can be potentially translated into a polypeptidesequence.

The term “head-to-head” is used herein to describe the orientation oftwo polynucleotide sequences in relation to each other. Twopolynucleotides are positioned in a head-to-head orientation when the 5′end of the coding strand of one polynucleotide is adjacent to the 5′ endof the coding strand of the other polynucleotide, whereby the directionof transcription of each polynucleotide proceeds away from the 5′ end ofthe other polynucleotide. The term “head-to-head” may be abbreviated(5′)-to-(5′) and may also be indicated by the symbols (← →) or(3′←5′5′→3′).

The term “tail-to-tail” is used herein to describe the orientation oftwo polynucleotide sequences in relation to each other. Twopolynucleotides are positioned in a tail-to-tail orientation when the 3′end of the coding strand of one polynucleotide is adjacent to the 3′ endof the coding strand of the other polynucleotide, whereby the directionof transcription of each polynucleotide proceeds toward the otherpolynucleotide. The term “tail-to-tail” may be abbreviated (3′)-to-(3′)and may also be indicated by the symbols (← →) or (5′→3′3′←5′).

The term “head-to-tail” is used herein to describe the orientation oftwo polynucleotide sequences in relation to each other. Twopolynucleotides are positioned in a head-to-tail orientation when the 5′end of the coding strand of one polynucleotide is adjacent to the 3′ endof the coding strand of the other polynucleotide, whereby the directionof transcription of each polynucleotide proceeds in the same directionas that of the other polynucleotide. The term “head-to-tail” may beabbreviated (5′)-to-(3′) and may also be indicated by the symbols (→ →)or (5′→3′5′→3′).

The term “downstream” refers to a nucleotide sequence that is located 3′to reference nucleotide sequence. In particular, downstream nucleotidesequences generally relate to sequences that follow the starting pointof transcription. For example, the translation initiation codon of agene is located downstream of the start site of transcription.

The term “upstream” refers to a nucleotide sequence that is located 5′to reference nucleotide sequence. In particular, upstream nucleotidesequences generally relate to sequences that are located on the 5′ sideof a coding sequence or starting point of transcription. For example,most promoters are located upstream of the start site of transcription.

The terms “restriction endonuclease” and “restriction enzyme” refer toan enzyme that binds and cuts within a specific nucleotide sequencewithin double stranded DNA.

“Homologous recombination” refers to the insertion of a foreign DNAsequence into another DNA molecule, e.g., insertion of a vector in achromosome. Preferably, the vector targets a specific chromosomal sitefor homologous recombination. For specific homologous recombination, thevector will contain sufficiently long regions of homology to sequencesof the chromosome to allow complementary binding and incorporation ofthe vector into the chromosome. Longer regions of homology, and greaterdegrees of sequence similarity, may increase the efficiency ofhomologous recombination.

Several methods known in the art may be used to propagate apolynucleotide according to the invention. Once a suitable host systemand growth conditions are established, recombinant expression vectorscan be propagated and prepared in quantity. As described herein, theexpression vectors which can be used include, but are not limited to,the following vectors or their derivatives: human or animal viruses suchas vaccinia virus or adenovirus; insect viruses such as baculovirus;yeast vectors; bacteriophage vectors (e.g., lambda), and plasmid andcosmid DNA vectors, to name but a few.

A “vector” is any means for the cloning of and/or transfer of a nucleicacid into a host cell. A vector may be a replicon to which another DNAsegment may be attached so as to bring about the replication of theattached segment. A “replicon” is any genetic element (e.g., plasmid,phage, cosmid, chromosome, virus) that functions as an autonomous unitof DNA replication in vivo, i.e., capable of replication under its owncontrol. The term “vector” includes both viral and nonviral means forintroducing the nucleic acid into a cell in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. Alarge number of vectors known in the art may be used to manipulatenucleic acids, incorporate response elements and promoters into genes,etc. Possible vectors include, for example, plasmids or modified virusesincluding, for example bacteriophages such as lambda derivatives, orplasmids such as pBR322 or pUC plasmid derivatives, or the Bluescriptvector. For example, the insertion of the DNA fragments corresponding toresponse elements and promoters into a suitable vector can beaccomplished by ligating the appropriate DNA fragments into a chosenvector that has complementary cohesive termini. Alternatively, the endsof the DNA molecules may be enzymatically modified or any site may beproduced by ligating nucleotide sequences (linkers) into the DNAtermini. Such vectors may be engineered to contain selectable markergenes that provide for the selection of cells that have incorporated themarker into the cellular genome. Such markers allow identificationand/or selection of host cells that incorporate and express the proteinsencoded by the marker.

Viral vectors, and particularly retroviral vectors, have been used in awide variety of gene delivery applications in cells, as well as livinganimal subjects. Viral vectors that can be used include but are notlimited to retrovirus, adeno-associated virus, pox, baculovirus,vaccinia, herpes simplex. Epstein-Ban, adenovirus, geminivirus, andcaulimovirus vectors. Non-viral vectors include plasmids, liposomes,electrically charged lipids (cytofectins), DNA-protein complexes, andbiopolymers. In addition to a nucleic acid, a vector may also compriseone or more regulatory regions, and/or selectable markers useful inselecting, measuring, and monitoring nucleic acid transfer results(transfer to which tissues, duration of expression, etc.).

The term “plasmid” refers to an extra chromosomal element often carryinga gene that is not part of the central metabolism of the cell, andusually in the form of circular double-stranded DNA molecules. Suchelements may be autonomously replicating sequences, genome integratingsequences, phage or nucleotide sequences, linear, circular, orsupercoiled, of a single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA, derived fromany source, in which a number of nucleotide sequences have been joinedor recombined into a unique construction which is capable of introducinga promoter fragment and DNA sequence for a selected gene product alongwith appropriate 3′ untranslated sequence into a cell.

A “cloning vector” is a “replicon”, which is a unit length of a nucleicacid, preferably DNA, that replicates sequentially and which comprisesan origin of replication, such as a plasmid, phage or cosmid, to whichanother nucleic acid segment may be attached so as to bring about thereplication of the attached segment. Cloning vectors may be capable ofreplication in one cell type and expression in another (“shuttlevector”).

Vectors may be introduced into the desired host cells by methods knownin the an, e.g., transfection, electroporation, microinjection,transduction, cell fusion, DEAE dextran, calcium phosphateprecipitation, lipofection (lysosome fusion), use of a gene gun, or aDNA vector transporter (see, e.g., Wu et al., 1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267:963-967; Wu and Wu, 1988. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 14621-14624; and Hartmutet al., Canadian Patent Application No. 2,012,311, filed Mar. 15, 1990).

A polynucleotide according to the invention can also be introduced invivo by lipofection. For the past decade, there has been increasing useof liposomes for encapsulation and transfection of nucleic acids invitro. Synthetic cationic lipids designed to limit the difficulties anddangers encountered with liposome-mediated transfection can be used toprepare liposomes for in vivo transfection of a gene encoding a marker(Felgner et al., 1987, PNAS 84:7413; Mackey, et al., 1988. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:8027-8031; and Ulmer et al., 1993, Science259:1745-1748). The use of cationic lipids may promote encapsulation ofnegatively charged nucleic acids, and also promote fusion withnegatively charged cell membranes (Felgner and Ringold, 1989, Science337: 387-388). Particularly useful lipid compounds and compositions fortransfer of nucleic acids are described in International PatentPublications WO95/18863 and WO96/17823, and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,127.The use of lipofection to introduce exogenous genes into the specificorgans in vivo has certain practical advantages. Molecular targeting ofliposomes to specific cells represents one area of benefit. It is clearthat directing transfection to particular cell types would beparticularly preferred in a tissue with cellular heterogeneity, such aspancreas, liver, kidney, and the brain. Lipids may be chemically coupledto other molecules for the purpose of targeting (Mackey, et al., 1988,supra). Targeted peptides, e.g., hormones or neurotransmitters, andproteins such as antibodies, or non-peptide molecules could be coupledto liposomes chemically.

Other molecules are also useful for facilitating transfection of anucleic acid in vivo, such as a cationic oligopeptide (e.g.,WO95/21931), peptides derived from DNA binding proteins (e.g.,WO96/25508), or a cationic polymer (e.g., WO95/21931).

It is also possible to introduce a vector in vivo as a naked DNA plasmid(see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,693,622, 5,589,466 and 5,580,859).Receptor-mediated DNA delivery approaches can also be used (Curiel etal., 1992, Hum. Gene Ther. 3: 147-154; and Wu and Wu, 1987, J. Biol.Chem. 262: 4429-4432).

The term “transfection” means the uptake of exogenous or heterologousRNA or DNA by a cell. A cell has been “transfected” by exogenous orheterologous RNA or DNA when such RNA or DNA has been introduced insidethe cell. A cell has been “transformed” by exogenous or heterologous RNAor DNA when the transfected RNA or DNA effects a phenotypic change. Thetransforming RNA or DNA can be integrated (covalently linked) intochromosomal DNA making up the genome of the cell.

“Transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid fragment intothe genome of a host organism, resulting in genetically stableinheritance. Host organisms containing the transformed nucleic acidfragments are referred to as “transgenic” or “recombinant” or“transformed” organisms.

The term “genetic region” will refer to a region of a nucleic acidmolecule or a nucleotide sequence that comprises a gene encoding apolypeptide.

In addition, the recombinant vector comprising a polynucleotideaccording to the invention may include one or more origins forreplication in the cellular hosts in which their amplification or theirexpression is sought, markers or selectable markers.

The term “selectable marker” means an identifying factor, usually anantibiotic or chemical resistance gene, that is able to be selected forbased upon the marker gene's effect, i.e., resistance to an antibiotic,resistance to a herbicide, colorimetric markers, enzymes, fluorescentmarkers, and the like, wherein the effect is used to track theinheritance of a nucleic acid of interest and/or to identify a cell ororganism that has inherited the nucleic acid of interest. Examples ofselectable marker genes known and used in the art include: genesproviding resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamycin, kanamycin,hygromycin, bialaphos herbicide, sulfonamide, and the like; and genesthat are used as phenotypic markers, i.e., anthocyanin regulatory genes,isopentanyl transferase gene, and the like.

The term “reporter gene” means a nucleic acid encoding an identifyingfactor that is able to be identified based upon the reporter gene'seffect, wherein the effect is used to track the inheritance of a nucleicacid of interest, to identify a cell or organism that has inherited thenucleic acid of interest, and/or to measure gene expression induction ortranscription. Examples of reporter genes known and used in the artinclude: luciferase (Luc), green fluorescent protein (GFP),chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), β-galactosidase (LacZ),β-glucuronidase (Gus), and the like. Selectable marker genes may also beconsidered reporter genes.

“Promoter” refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling theexpression of a coding sequence or functional RNA. In general, a codingsequence is located 3′ to a promoter sequence. Promoters may be derivedin their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of differentelements derived from different promoters found in nature, or evencomprise synthetic DNA segments. It is understood by those skilled inthe art that different promoters may direct the expression of a gene indifferent tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development,or in response to different environmental or physiological conditions.Promoters that cause a gene to be expressed in most cell types at mosttimes are commonly referred to as “constitutive promoters”. Promotersthat cause a gene to be expressed in a specific cell type are commonlyreferred to as “cell-specific promoters” or “tissue-specific promoters”.Promoters that cause a gene to be expressed at a specific stage ofdevelopment or cell differentiation are commonly referred to as“developmentally-specific promoters” or “cell differentiation-specificpromoters”. Promoters that are induced and cause a gene to be expressedfollowing exposure or treatment of the cell with an agent, biologicalmolecule, chemical, ligand, light, or the like that induces the promoterare commonly referred to as “inducible promoters” or “regulatablepromoters”. It is further recognized that since in most cases the exactboundaries of regulatory sequences have not been completely defined, DNAfragments of different lengths may have identical promoter activity.

A “promoter sequence” is a DNA regulatory region capable of binding RNApolymerase in a cell and initiating transcription of a downstream (3′direction) coding sequence. For purposes of defining the presentinvention, the promoter sequence is bounded at its 3′ terminus by thetranscription initiation site and extends upstream (5′ direction) toinclude the minimum number of bases or elements necessary to initiatetranscription at levels detectable above background. Within the promotersequence will be found a transcription initiation site (convenientlydefined for example, by mapping with nuclease S1), as well as proteinbinding domains (consensus sequences) responsible for the binding of RNApolymerase.

A coding sequence is “under the control” of transcriptional andtranslational control sequences in a cell when RNA polymerasetranscribes the coding sequence into mRNA, which is then trans-RNAspliced (if the coding sequence contains introns) and translated intothe protein encoded by the coding sequence.

“Transcriptional and translational control sequences” are DNA regulatorysequences, such as promoters, enhancers, terminators, and the like, thatprovide for the expression of a coding sequence in a host cell. Ineukaryotic cells, polyadenylation signals are control sequences.

The term “response element” means one or more cis-acting DNA elementswhich confer responsiveness on a promoter mediated through interactionwith the DNA-binding domains of the first chimeric gene. This DNAelement may be either palindromic (perfect or imperfect) in its sequenceor composed of sequence motifs or half sites separated by a variablenumber of nucleotides. The half sites can be similar or identical andarranged as either direct or inverted repeats or as a single half siteor multimers of adjacent half sites in tandem. The response element maycomprise a minimal promoter isolated from different organisms dependingupon the nature of the cell or organism into which the response elementwill be incorporated. The DNA binding domain of the first hybrid proteinbinds, in the presence or absence of a ligand, to the DNA sequence of aresponse element to initiate or suppress transcription of downstreamgene(s) under the regulation of this response element. Examples of DNAsequences for response elements of the natural ecdysone receptorinclude: RRGG/TTCANTGAC/ACYY (see Cherbas L., et. al., (1991), GenesDev. 5, 120-131); AGGTCAN₍

₎AGGTCA, where N₍

₎, can be one or more spacer nucleotides (see D'Avino PP., et. al.,(1995), Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 113, 1-9); and GGGTTGAATGAATTT (seeAntoniewski C., et al., (1994), Mol. Cell Biol. 14, 4465-4474).

The term “operably linked” refers to the association of nucleic acidsequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of oneis affected by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linkedwith a coding sequence when it is capable of affecting the expression ofthat coding sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence is under thetranscriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can beoperably linked to regulatory sequences in sense or antisenseorientation.

The term “expression”, as used herein, refers to the transcription andstable accumulation of sense (mRNA) or antisense RNA derived from anucleic acid or polynucleotide. Expression may also refer to translationof mRNA into a protein or polypeptide.

The terms “cassette”, “expression cassette” and “gene expressioncassette” refer to a segment of DNA that can be inserted into a nucleicacid or polynucleotide at specific restriction sites or by homologousrecombination. The segment of DNA comprises a polynucleotide thatencodes a polypeptide of interest, and the cassette and restrictionsites are designed to ensure insertion of the cassette in the properreading frame for transcription and translation. “Transformationcassette” refers to a specific vector comprising a polynucleotide thatencodes a polypeptide of interest and having elements in addition to thepolynucleotide that facilitate transformation of a particular host cell.Cassettes, expression cassettes, gene expression cassettes andtransformation cassettes of the invention may also comprise elementsthat allow for enhanced expression of a polynucleotide encoding apolypeptide of interest in a host cell. These elements may include, butare not limited to: a promoter, a minimal promoter, an enhancer, aresponse element, a terminator sequence, a polyadenylation sequence, andthe like.

For purposes of this invention, the term “gene switch” refers to thecombination of a response element associated with a promoter, and an EcRbased system which in the presence of one or more ligands, modulates theexpression of a gene into which the response element and promoter areincorporated.

The terms “modulate” and “modulates” mean to induce, reduce or inhibitnucleic acid or gene expression, resulting in the respective induction,reduction or inhibition of protein or polypeptide production.

The plasmids or vectors according to the invention may further compriseat least one promoter suitable for driving expression of a gene in ahost cell. The term “expression vector” means a vector, plasmid orvehicle designed to enable the expression of an inserted nucleic acidsequence following transformation into the host. The cloned gene, i.e.,the inserted nucleic acid sequence, is usually placed under the controlof control elements such as a promoter, a minimal promoter, an enhancer,or the like. Initiation control regions or promoters, which are usefulto drive expression of a nucleic acid in the desired host cell arenumerous and familiar to those skilled in the art. Virtually anypromoter capable of driving these genes is suitable for the presentinvention including but not limited to: viral promoters, bacterialpromoters, animal promoters, mammalian promoters, synthetic promoters,constitutive promoters, tissue specific promoter, developmental specificpromoters, inducible promoters, light regulated promoters; CYC1, HIS3,GAL1, GAL4, GAL10, ADH1, PGK, PHO5, GAPDH, ADC1, TRP1, URA3, LEU2, ENO,TP1, alkaline phosphatase promoters (useful for expression inSaccharomyces); AOX1 promoter (useful for expression in Pichia);β-lactamase, lac, ara, tet, trp, IP_(L), IP_(R), T7, tac, and trcpromoters (useful for expression in Escherichia coli); light regulated-,seed specific-, pollen specific-, ovary specific-, pathogenesis ordisease related-, cauliflower mosaic virus 35S, CMV 35S minimal, cassavavein mosaic virus (CsVMV), chlorophyll a/b binding protein, ribulose I,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, shoot-specific, root specific, chitinase,stress inducible, rice tungro bacilliform virus, plant super-promoter,potato leucine aminopeptidase, nitrate reductase, mannopine synthase,nopaline synthase, ubiquitin, zein protein, and anthocyanin promoters(useful for expression in plant cells); animal and mammalian promotersknown in the art include, but are not limited to, the SV40 early (SV40e)promoter region, the promoter contained in the 3′ long terminal repeat(LTR) of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), the promoters of the E1A or majorlate promoter (MLP) genes of adenoviruses (Ad), the cytomegalovirus(CMV) early promoter, the herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase(TK) promoter, a baculovirus IE1 promoter, an elongation factor 1 alpha(EF1) promoter, a phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter, a ubiquitin(Ube) promoter, an albumin promoter, the regulatory sequences of themouse metallothionein-L promoter and transcriptional control regions,the ubiquitous promoters (HPRT, vimentin, α-actin, tubulin and thelike), the promoters of the intermediate filaments (desmin,neurofilaments, keratin, GFAP, and the like), the promoters oftherapeutic genes (of the MDR, CFTR or factor VIII type, and the like),pathogenesis or disease related-promoters, and promoters that exhibittissue specificity and have been utilized in transgenic animals, such asthe elastase I gene control region which is active in pancreatic acinarcells; insulin gene control region active in pancreatic beta cells,immunoglobulin gene control region active in lymphoid cells, mousemammary rumor virus control region active in testicular, breast,lymphoid and mast cells; albumin gene, Apo AI and Apo AII controlregions active in liver, alpha-fetoprotein gene control region active inliver, alpha 1-antitrypsin gene control region active in the liver,beta-globin gene control region active in myeloid cells, myelin basicprotein gene control region active in oligodendrocyte cells in thebrain, myosin light chain-2 gene control region active in skeletalmuscle, and gonadotropic releasing hormone gene control region active inthe hypothalamus, pyruvate kinase promoter, villin promoter, promoter ofthe fatty acid binding intestinal protein, promoter of the smooth musclecell α-actin, and the like. In addition, these expression sequences maybe modified by addition of enhancer or regulatory sequences and thelike.

Enhancers that may be used in embodiments of the invention include butare not limited to: an SV40 enhancer, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer,an elongation factor 1 (EF1) enhancer, yeast enhancers, viral geneenhancers, and the like.

Termination control regions, i.e., terminator or polyadenylationsequences, may also be derived from various genes native to thepreferred hosts. Optionally, a termination site may be unnecessary,however, it is most preferred if included. In a preferred embodiment ofthe invention, the termination control region may be comprise or bederived from a synthetic sequence, synthetic polyadenylation signal, anSV40 late polyadenylation signal, an SV40 polyadenylation signal, abovine growth hormone (BGH) polyadenylation signal, viral terminatorsequences, or the like.

The term “3′ non-coding sequences” or “3′ untranslated region (UTR)”refer to DNA sequences located downstream (3′) of a coding sequence andmay comprise polyadenylation [poly(A)] recognition sequences and othersequences encoding regulatory signals capable of affecting mRNAprocessing or gene expression. The polyadenylation signal is usuallycharacterized by affecting the addition of polyadenylic acid tracts tothe 3′ end of the mRNA precursor.

“Regulatory region” means a nucleic acid sequence that regulates theexpression of a second nucleic acid sequence. A regulatory region mayinclude sequences which are naturally responsible for expressing aparticular nucleic acid (a homologous region) or may include sequencesof a different origin that are responsible for expressing differentproteins or even synthetic proteins (a heterologous region). Inparticular, the sequences can be sequences of prokaryotic, eukaryotic,or viral genes or derived sequences that stimulate or represstranscription of a gene in a specific or non-specific manner and in aninducible or non-inducible manner. Regulatory regions include origins ofreplication, RNA splice sites, promoters, enhancers, transcriptionaltermination sequences, and signal sequences which direct the polypeptideinto the secretory pathways of the target cell.

A regulatory region from a “heterologous source” is a regulatory regionthat is not naturally associated with the expressed nucleic acid.Included among the heterologous regulatory regions are regulatoryregions from a different species, regulatory regions from a differentgene, hybrid regulatory sequences, and regulatory sequences which do notoccur in nature, but which are designed by one having ordinary skill inthe art.

“RNA transcript” refers to the product resulting from RNApolymerase-catalyzed transcription of a DNA sequence. When the RNAtranscript is a perfect complementary copy of the DNA sequence, it isreferred to as the primary transcript or it may be a RNA sequencederived from post-transcriptional processing of the primary transcriptand is referred to as the mature RNA. “Messenger RNA (mRNA)” refers tothe RNA that is without introns and that can be translated into proteinby the cell. “cDNA” refers to a double-stranded DNA that iscomplementary to and derived from mRNA. “Sense” RNA refers to RNAtranscript that includes the mRNA and so can be translated into proteinby the cell. “Antisense RNA” refers to a RNA transcript that iscomplementary to all or part of a target primary transcript or mRNA andthat blocks the expression of a target gene. The complementarity of anantisense RNA may be with any part of the specific gene transcript.i.e., at the 5′ non-coding sequence, 3′ non-coding sequence, or thecoding sequence. “Functional RNA” refers to antisense RNA, ribozyme RNA,or other RNA that is not translated yet has an effect on cellularprocesses.

A “polypeptide” is a polymeric compound comprised of covalently linkedamino acid residues. Amino acids have the following general structure:

Amino acids are classified into seven groups on the basis of the sidechain R: (1) aliphatic side chains, (2) side chains containing ahydroxylic (OH) group, (3) side chains containing sulfur atoms, (4) sidechains containing an acidic or amide group, (5) side chains containing abasic group, (6) side chains containing an aromatic ring, and (7)proline, an imino acid in which the side chain is fused to the aminogroup. A polypeptide of the invention preferably comprises at leastabout 14 amino acids.

A “protein” is a polypeptide that performs a structural or functionalrole in a living cell.

An “isolated polypeptide” or “isolated protein” is a polypeptide orprotein that is substantially free of those compounds that are normallyassociated therewith in its natural state (e.g., other proteins orpolypeptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids). “Isolated” is notmeant to exclude artificial or synthetic mixtures with other compounds,or the presence of impurities which do not interfere with biologicalactivity, and which may be present, for example, due to incompletepurification, addition of stabilizers, or compounding into apharmaceutically acceptable preparation.

A “substitution mutant polypeptide” or a “substitution mutant” will beunderstood to mean a mutant polypeptide comprising a substitution of atleast one (1) wild-type or naturally occurring amino acid with adifferent amino acid relative to the wild-type or naturally occurringpolypeptide. A substitution mutant polypeptide may comprise only one (1)wild-type or naturally occurring amino acid substitution and may bereferred to as a “point mutant” or a “single point mutant” polypeptide.Alternatively, a substitution mutant polypeptide may comprise asubstitution of two (2) or more wild-type or naturally occurring aminoacids with 2 or more amino acids relative to the wild-type or naturallyoccurring polypeptide. According to the invention, a Group H nuclearreceptor ligand binding domain polypeptide comprising a substitutionmutation comprises a substitution of at least one (1) wild-type ornaturally occurring amino acid with a different amino acid relative tothe wild-type or naturally occurring Group H nuclear receptor ligandbinding domain polypeptide.

Wherein the substitution mutant polypeptide comprises a substitution oftwo (2) or more wild-type or naturally occurring amino acids, thissubstitution may comprise either an equivalent number of wild-type ornaturally occurring amino acids deleted for the substitution, i.e., 2wild-type or naturally occurring amino acids replaced with 2non-wild-type or non-naturally occurring amino acids, or anon-equivalent number of wild-type amino acids deleted for thesubstitution. i.e., 2 wild-type amino acids replaced with 1non-wild-type amino acid (a substitution+deletion mutation), or 2wild-type amino acids replaced with 3 non-wild-type amino acids (asubstitution+insertion mutation).

Substitution mutants may be described using an abbreviated nomenclaturesystem to indicate the amino acid residue and number replaced within thereference polypeptide sequence and the new substituted amino acidresidue. For example, a substitution mutant in which the twentieth(20^(th)) amino acid residue of a polypeptide is substituted may beabbreviated as “x20z”, wherein “x” is the amino acid to be replaced,“20” is the amino acid residue position or number within thepolypeptide, and “z” is the new substituted amino acid. Therefore, asubstitution mutant abbreviated interchangeably as “E20A” or “Glu20Ala”indicates that the mutant comprises an alanine residue (commonlyabbreviated in the art as “A” or “Ala”) in place of the glutamic acid(commonly abbreviated in the art as “E” or “Glu”) at position 20 of thepolypeptide.

A substitution mutation may be made by any technique for mutagenesisknown in the art, including but not limited to, in vitro site-directedmutagenesis (Hutchinson, C., et al., 1978, J. Biol. Chem. 253: 6551;Zoller and Smith, 1984, DNA 3: 479-488; Oliphant et al., 1986, Gene 44:177; Hutchinson et al., 1986, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83: 710, useof TAB® linkers (Pharmacia), restriction endonuclease digestion/fragmentdeletion and substitution, PCR-mediated/oligonucleotide-directedmutagenesis, and the like. PCR-based techniques are preferred forsite-directed mutagenesis (see Higuchi, 1989, “Using PCR to EngineerDNA”, in PCR Technology: Principles and Applications for DNAAmplifcation. H. Erlich, ed., Stockton Press, Chapter 6, pp. 61-70).

“Fragment” of a polypeptide according to the invention will beunderstood to mean a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is shorterthan that of the reference polypeptide and which comprises, over theentire portion with these reference polypeptides, an identical aminoacid sequence. Such fragments may, where appropriate, be included in alarger polypeptide of which they are a part. Such fragments of apolypeptide according to the invention may have a length of at least 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 30,35, 40, 45, 50, 100, 200, 240, or 300 amino acids.

A “variant” of a polypeptide or protein is any analogue, fragment,derivative, or mutant which is derived from a polypeptide or protein andwhich retains at least one biological property of the polypeptide orprotein. Different variants of the polypeptide or protein may exist innature. These variants may be allelic variations characterized bydifferences in the nucleotide sequences of the structural gene codingfor the protein, or may involve differential splicing orpost-translational modification. The skilled artisan can producevariants having single or multiple amino acid substitutions, deletions,additions, or replacements. These variants may include, inter alia: (a)variants in which one or more amino acid residues are substituted withconservative or non-conservative amino acids, (b) variants in which oneor more amino acids are added to the polypeptide or protein, (c)variants in which one or more of the amino acids includes a substituentgroup, and (d) variants in which the polypeptide or protein is fusedwith another polypeptide such as serum albumin. The techniques forobtaining these variants, including genetic (suppressions, deletions,mutations, etc.), chemical, and enzymatic techniques, are known toprisons having ordinary skill in the an. A variant polypeptidepreferably comprises at least about 14 amino acids.

A “heterologous protein” refers to a protein not naturally produced inthe cell.

A “mature protein” refers to a post-translationally processedpolypeptide; i.e., one from which any pre- or propeptides present in theprimary translation product have been removed. “Precursor” proteinrefers to the primary product of translation of mRNA; i.e., with pre-and propeptides still present. Pre- and propeptides may be but are notlimited to intracellular localization signals.

The term “signal peptide” refers to an amino terminal polypeptidepreceding the secreted mature protein. The signal peptide is cleavedfrom and is therefore not present in the mature protein. Signal peptideshave the function of directing and translocating secreted proteinsacross cell membranes. Signal peptide is also referred to as signalprotein.

A “signal sequence” is included at the beginning of the coding sequenceof a protein to be expressed on the surface of a cell. This sequenceencodes a signal peptide, N-terminal to the mature polypeptide, thatdirects the host cell to translocate the polypeptide. The term“translocation signal sequence” is used herein to refer to this sort ofsignal sequence. Translocation signal sequences can be found associatedwith a variety of proteins native to eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and areoften functional in both types of organisms.

The term “homology” refers to the percent of identity between twopolynucleotide or two polypeptide moieties. The correspondence betweenthe sequence from one moiety to another can be determined by techniquesknown to the art. For example, homology can be determined by a directcomparison of the sequence information between two polypeptide moleculesby aligning the sequence information and using readily availablecomputer programs. Alternatively, homology can be determined byhybridization of polynucleotides under conditions that form stableduplexes between homologous regions, followed by digestion withsingle-stranded-specific nuclease(s) and size determination of thedigested fragments.

As used herein, the term “homologous” in all its grammatical forms andspelling variations refers to the relationship between proteins thatpossess a “common evolutionary origin,” including proteins fromsuperfamilies (e.g., the immunoglobulin superfamily) and homologousproteins from different species (e.g., myosin light chain, etc.) (Reecket al., 1987, Cell 50.667). Such proteins (and their encoding genes)have sequence homology, as reflected by their high degree of sequencesimilarity. However, in common usage and in the instant application, theterm “homologous,” when modified with an adverb such as “highly,” mayrefer to sequence similarity and not a common evolutionary origin.

Accordingly, the term “sequence similarity” in all its grammatical formsrefers to the degree of identity or correspondence between nucleic acidor amino acid sequences of proteins that may or may not share a commonevolutionary origin (see Reeck et al., 1987, Cell 50: 667).

In a specific embodiment, two DNA sequences are “substantiallyhomologous” or “substantially similar” when at least about 50%(preferably at least about 75%, and most preferably at least about 90 or95%) of the nucleotides match over the defined length of the DNAsequences. Sequences that are substantially homologous can be identifiedby comparing the sequences using standard software available in sequencedata banks, or in a Southern hybridization experiment under, forexample, stringent conditions as defined for that particular system.Defining appropriate hybridization conditions is within the skill of theart. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989, supra.

As used herein, “substantially similar” refers to nucleic acid fragmentswherein changes in one or more nucleotide bases results in substitutionof one or more amino acids, but do not affect the functional propertiesof the protein encoded by the DNA sequence. “Substantially similar” alsorefers to nucleic acid fragments wherein changes in one or morenucleotide bases does not affect the ability of the nucleic acidfragment to mediate alteration of gene expression by antisense orco-suppression technology. “Substantially similar” also refers tomodifications of the nucleic acid fragments of the instant inventionsuch as deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotide bases that donot substantially affect the functional properties of the resultingtranscript. It is therefore understood that the invention encompassesmore than the specific exemplary sequences. Each of the proposedmodifications is well within the routine skill in the art, as isdetermination of retention of biological activity of the encodedproducts.

Moreover, the skilled artisan recognizes that substantially similarsequences encompassed by this invention are also defined by theirability to hybridize, under stringent conditions (0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65°C. and washed with 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS followed by 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS), withthe sequences exemplified herein. Substantially similar nucleic acidfragments of the instant invention are those nucleic acid fragmentswhose DNA sequences are at least 70% identical to the DNA sequence ofthe nucleic acid fragments reported herein. Preferred substantiallynucleic acid fragments of the instant invention are those nucleic acidfragments whose DNA sequences are at least 80% identical to the DNAsequence of the nucleic acid fragments reported herein. More preferrednucleic acid fragments are at least 90% identical to the DNA sequence ofthe nucleic acid fragments reported herein. Even more preferred arenucleic acid fragments that are at least 95% identical to the DNAsequence of the nucleic acid fragments reported herein.

Two amino acid sequences are “substantially homologous” or“substantially similar” when greater than about 40% of the amino acidsare identical, or greater than 60% are similar (functionally identical).Preferably, the similar or homologous sequences are identified byalignment using, for example, the GCG (Genetics Computer Group, ProgramManual for the GCG Package, Version 7, Madison. Wisconsin) pileupprogram.

The term “corresponding to” is used herein to refer to similar orhomologous sequences, whether the exact position is identical ordifferent from the molecule to which the similarity or homology ismeasured. A nucleic acid or amino acid sequence alignment may includespaces. Thus, the term “corresponding to” refers to the sequencesimilarity, and not the numbering of the amino acid residues ornucleotide bases.

A “substantial portion” of an amino acid or nucleotide sequencecomprises enough of the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide or thenucleotide sequence of a gene to putatively identify that polypeptide orgene, either by manual evaluation of the sequence by one skilled in theart, or by computer-automated sequence comparison and identificationusing algorithms such as BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool;Altschul. S. F., et al., (1993) J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410; see alsowww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/). In general, a sequence of ten or morecontiguous amino acids or thirty or more nucleotides is necessary inorder to putatively identify a polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence ashomologous to a known protein or gene. Moreover, with respect tonucleotide sequences, gem specific oligonucleotide probes comprising20-30 contiguous nucleotides may be used in sequence-dependent methodsof gene identification (e.g., Southern hybridization) and isolation(e.g., in situ hybridization of bacterial colonies or bacteriophageplaques). In addition, short oligonucleotides of 12-15 bases may be usedas amplification primers in PCR in order to obtain a particular nucleicacid fragment comprising the primers. Accordingly, a “substantialportion” of a nucleotide sequence comprises enough of the sequence tospecifically identify and/or isolate a nucleic acid fragment comprisingthe sequence.

The term “percent identity”, as known in the art, is a relationshipbetween two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotidesequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art,“identity” also means the degree of sequence relatedness betweenpolypeptide or polynucleotide sequences, as the case may be, asdetermined by the match between strings of such sequences, “Identity”and “similarity” can be readily calculated by known methods, includingbut not limited to those described in: Computational Molecular Biology(Lesk, A. M., ed.) Oxford University Press, New York (1988);Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects (Smith, D. W., ed.)Academic Press, New York (1993); Computer Analysis of Sequence Data,Part 1 (Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds.) Humana Press, NewJersey (1994); Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology (von Heinje, G.,ed.) Academic Press (1987); and Sequence Analysis Primer (Gribskov, M.and Devereux. J., eds.) Stockton Press, New York (1991). Preferredmethods to determine identity are designed to give the best matchbetween the sequences tested. Methods to determine identity andsimilarity are codified in publicly available computer programs.Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations may be performedusing the Megalign program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computingsuite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). Multiple alignment of the sequencesmay be performed using the Clustal method of alignment (Higgins andSharp (1989) CABIOS. 5:151-153) with the default parameters (GAPPENALTY=10. GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10). Default parameters for pairwisealignments using the Clustal method may be selected: KTUPLE 1, GAPPENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5.

The term “sequence analysis software” refers to any computer algorithmor software program that is useful for the analysis of nucleotide oramino acid sequences. “Sequence analysis software” may be commerciallyavailable or independently developed. Typical sequence analysis softwarewill include but is not limited to the GCG suite of programs (WisconsinPackage Version 9.0, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wis.),BLASTP, BLASTN, BLASTX (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410(1990), and DNASTAR (DNASTAR, Inc. 1228 S. Park St. Madison, Wis. 53715USA). Within the context of this application it will be understood thatwhere sequence analysis software is used for analysis, that the resultsof the analysis will be based on the “default values” of the programreferenced, unless otherwise specified. As used herein “default values”will mean any set of values or parameters which originally load with thesoftware when first initialized.

“Synthetic genes” can be assembled from oligonucleotide building blocksthat are chemically synthesized using procedures known to those skilledin the art. These building blocks are ligated and annealed to form genesegments that are then enzymatically assembled to construct the entiregene. “Chemically synthesized”, as related to a sequence of DNA, meansthat the component nucleotides were assembled in vitro. Manual chemicalsynthesis of DNA may be accomplished using well-established procedures,or automated chemical synthesis can be performed using one of a numberof commercially available machines. Accordingly, the genes can betailored for optimal gene expression based on optimization of nucleotidesequence to reflect the codon bias of the host cell. The skilled artisanappreciates the likelihood of successful gene expression if codon usageis biased towards those codons favored by the host. Determination ofpreferred codons can be based on a survey of genes derived from the hostcell where sequence information is available.

As used herein, two or more individually operable gene regulationsystems are said to be “orthogonal” when; a) modulation of each of thegiven systems by its respective ligand, at a chosen concentration,results in a measurable change in the magnitude of expression of thegene of that system, and b) the change is statistically significantlydifferent than the change in expression of all other systemssimultaneously operable in the cell, tissue, or organism, regardless ofthe simultaneity or sequentially of the actual modulation. Preferably,modulation of each individually operable gene regulation system effectsa change in gene expression at least 2-fold greater than all otheroperable systems in the cell, tissue, or organism. More preferably, thechange is at least 5-fold greater. Even more preferably, the change isat least 10-fold greater. Still more preferably, the change is at least100 fold greater. Even still more preferably, the change is at least500-fold greater. Ideally, modulation of each of the given systems byits respective ligand at a chosen concentration results in a measurablechange in the magnitude of expression of the gene of that system and nomeasurable change in expression of all other systems operable in thecell, tissue, or organism. In such cases the multiple inducible generegulation system is said to be “fully orthogonal”. The presentinvention is useful to search for orthogonal ligands and orthogonalreceptor-based gene expression systems such as those described inco-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/965,697, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

The term “modulate” means the ability of a given ligand/receptor complexto induce or suppress the transactivation of an exogenous gene.

The term “exogenous gene” means a gene foreign to the subject, that is,a gene which is introduced into the subject through a transformationprocess, an unmutated version of an endogenous mutated gene or a mutatedversion of an endogenous unmutated gene. The method of transformation isnot critical to this invention and may be any method suitable for thesubject known to those in the art. For example, transgenic plants areobtained by regeneration from the transformed cells. Numeroustransformation procedures are known from the literature such asagroinfection using Agrobacerium tumefaciens or its T₁ plasmid,electroporation, microinjection of plant cells and protoplasts, andmicroprojectile transformation. Complementary techniques are known fortransformation of animal cells and regeneration of such transformedcells in transgenic animals. Exogenous genes can be either natural orsynthetic genes and therapeutic genes which are introduced into thesubject in the form of DNA or RNA which may function through a DNAintermediate such as by reverse transcriptase. Such genes can beintroduced into target cells, directly introduced into the subject, orindirectly introduced by the transfer of transformed cells into thesubject. The term “therapeutic gene” means a gene which imparts abeneficial function to the host cell in which such gene is expressed.Therapeutic genes are not naturally found in host cells.

The term “ecdysone receptor complex” generally refers to a heterodimericprotein complex consisting of two members of the steroid receptorfamily, ecdysone receptor (“EcR”) and ultraspiracle (“USP”) proteins(see Yao, T. P., et. al. (1993) Nature 366, 476-479; Yao, T.-P., et.al., (1992) Cell 71, 63-72). The functional ecdysteroid receptor complexmay also include additional protein(s) such as immunophilins. Additionalmembers of the steroid receptor family of proteins, known astranscriptional factors (such as DHR38, betaFTZ-1 or other insecthomologs), may also be ligand dependent or independent partners for EcRand/or USP. The ecdysone receptor complex can also be a heterodimer ofecdysone receptor protein and the vertebrate homolog of ultraspiracleprotein, retinoic acid-X-receptor (“RXR”) protein. Homodimer complexesof the ecdysone receptor protein or USP may also be functional undersome circumstances.

An ecdysteroid receptor complex can be activated by an activeecdysteroid or non-steroidal ligand bound to one of the proteins of thecomplex, inclusive of EcR, but not excluding other proteins of thecomplex.

The ecdysone receptor complex includes proteins which are members of thesteroid receptor superfamily wherein all members are characterized bythe presence of an amino-terminal transactivation domain, a DNA bindingdomain (“DBD”), and a ligand binding domain (“LBD”) separated by a hingeregion. Some members of the family may also have another transactivationdomain on the carboxy-terminal side of the LBD. The DBD is characterizedby the presence of two cysteine zinc fingers between which are two aminoacid motifs, the P-box and the D-box, which confer specificity forecdysone response elements. These domains may be either native,modified, or chimeras of different domains of heterologous receptorproteins.

The DNA sequences making up the exogenous gene, the response element,and the ecdysone receptor complex may be incorporated intoarchaebacteria, procaryotic cells such as Escherichia coli, Bacillussubtilis, or other enterobacteria, or eucaryotic cells such as plant oranimal cells. However, because many of the proteins expressed by thegene are processed incorrectly in bacteria, eucaryotic cells arepreferred. The cells may be in the form of single cells or multicellularorganisms. The nucleotide sequences for the exogenous gene, the responseelement, and the receptor complex can also be incorporated as RNAmolecules, preferably in the form of functional viral RNAs such astobacco mosaic virus. Of the eucaryotic cells, vertebrate cells arepreferred because they naturally lack the molecules which conferresponses to the ligands of this invention for the ecdysone receptor. Asa result, they are insensitive to the ligands of this invention. Thus,the ligands of this invention will have negligible physiological orother effects on transformed cells, or the whole organism. Therefore,cells can grow and express the desired product, substantially unaffectedby the presence of the ligand itself.

The term “subject” means an intact plant or animal or a cell from aplant or animal. It is also anticipated that the ligands will workequally well when the subject is a fungus or yeast. When the subject isan intact animal, preferably the animal is a vertebrate, most preferablya mammal.

The ligands of the present invention, when used with the ecdysonereceptor complex which in turn is bound to the response element linkedto an exogenous gene, provide the means for external temporal regulationof expression of the exogenous gene. The order in which the variouscomponents bind to each other, that is, ligand to receptor complex andreceptor complex to response element, is not critical. Typically,modulation of expression of the exogenous gene is in response to thebinding of the ecdysone receptor complex to a specific control, orregulatory, DNA element. The ecdysone receptor protein, like othermembers of the steroid receptor family, possesses at least threedomains, a transactivation domain, a DNA binding domain, and a ligandbinding domain. This receptor, like a subset of the steroid receptorfamily, also possesses less well-defined regions responsible forheterodimerization properties. Binding of the ligand to the ligandbinding domain of ecdysone receptor protein, after heterodimerizationwith USP or RXR protein, enables the DNA binding domains of theheterodimeric proteins to bind to the response element in an activatedform, thus resulting in expression or suppression of the exogenous gene.This mechanism does not exclude the potential for ligand binding toeither EcR or USP, and the resulting formation of active homodimercomplexes (e.g. EcR+EcR or USP+USP). Preferably, one or more of thereceptor domains can be varied producing a chimeric gene switch.Typically, one or more of the three domains may be chosen from a sourcedifferent than the source of the other domains so that the chimericreceptor is optimized in the chosen host cell or organism fortransactivating activity, complementary binding of the ligand, andrecognition of a specific response element. In addition, the responseelement itself can be modified or substituted with response elements forother DNA binding protein domains such as the GAL-4 protein from yeast(see Sadowski, et. al. (1988) Nature, 335, 563-564) or LexA protein fromE. coli (see Brent and Ptashne (1985), Cell, 43, 729-736) to accommodatechimeric ecdysone receptor complexes. Another advantage of chimericsystems is that they allow choice of a promoter used to drive theexogenous gene according to a desired end result. Such double controlcan be particularly important in areas of gene therapy, especially whencytotoxic proteins are produced, because both the timing of expressionas well as the cells wherein expression occurs can be controlled. Theterm “promoter” means a specific nucleotide sequence recognized by RNApolymerase. The sequence is the site at which transcription can bespecifically initiated under proper conditions. When exogenous genes,operatively linked to a suitable promoter, are introduced into the cellsof the subject, expression of the exogenous genes is controlled by thepresence of the ligand of this invention. Promoters may beconstitutively or inducibly regulated or may be tissue-specific (thatis, expressed only in a particular type of cell) or specific to certaindevelopmental stages of the organism.

Another aspect of this invention is a method to modulate the expressionof one or more exogenous genes in a subject, comprising administering tothe subject an effective amount, that is, the amount required to elicitthe desired gene expression or suppression, of a ligand comprising acompound of the present invention and wherein the cells of the subjectcontain:

a) an ecdysone receptor complex comprising:

-   -   1) a DNA binding domain;    -   2) a binding domain for the ligand; and    -   3) a transactivation domain; and

b) a DNA construct comprising:

-   -   1) the exogenous gene; and    -   2) a response element;        wherein the exogenous gene is under the control of the response        element; and binding of the DNA binding domain to the response        element in the presence of the ligand results in activation or        suppression of the gene.

A related aspect of this invention is a method for regulating endogenousor heterologous gene expression in a transgenic subject comprisingcontacting a ligand comprising a compound of the present invention withan ecdysone receptor within the cells of the subject wherein the cellscontain a DNA binding sequence for the ecdysone receptor and whereinformation of an ecdysone receptor-ligand-DNA binding sequence complexinduces expression of the gene.

A fourth aspect of the present invention is a method for producing apolypeptide comprising the steps of:

a) selecting a cell which is substantially insensitive to exposure to aligand comprising a compound of the present invention;

b) introducing into the cell:

-   -   1) a DNA construct comprising:        -   i) an exogenous gene encoding the polypeptide; and        -   ii) a response element;            wherein the gene is under the control of the response            element; and    -   2) an ecdysone receptor complex comprising:        -   i) a DNA binding domain;        -   ii) a binding domain for the ligand; and        -   iii) a transactivation domain; and

c) exposing the cell to the ligand.

As well as the advantage of temporally controlling polypeptideproduction by the cell, this aspect of the invention provides a furtheradvantage, in those cases when accumulation of such a polypeptide candamage the cell, in that expression of the polypeptide may be limited toshort periods. Such control is particularly important when the exogenousgene is a therapeutic gene. Therapeutic genes may be called upon toproduce polypeptides which control needed functions, such as theproduction of insulin in diabetic patients. They may also be used toproduce damaging or even lethal proteins, such as those lethal to cancercells. Such control may also be important when the protein levelsproduced may constitute a metabolic drain on growth or reproduction,such as in transgenic plants.

Numerous genomic and cDNA nucleic acid sequences coding for a variety ofpolypeptides are well known in the art. Exogenous genetic materialuseful with the ligands of this invention include genes that encodebiologically active proteins of interest, such as, for example,secretory proteins that can be released from a cell; enzymes that canmetabolize a substrate from a toxic substance to a non-toxic substance,or from an inactive substance to an active substance; regulatoryproteins; cell surface receptors; and the like. Useful genes alsoinclude genes that encode blood clotting factors, hormones such asinsulin, parathyroid hormone, luteinizing hormone releasing factor,alpha and beta seminal inhibins, and human growth hormone; genes thatencode proteins such as enzymes, the absence of which leads to theoccurrence of an abnormal state; genes encoding cytokines or lymphokinessuch as interferons, granulocytic macrophage colony stimulating factor,colony stimulating factor-1, tumor necrosis factor, and erythropoietin;genes encoding inhibitor substances such as alpha₁-antitrypsin, genesencoding substances that function as drugs such as diphtheria andcholera toxins; and the like. Useful genes also include those useful forcancer therapies and to treat genetic disorders. Those skilled in theart have access to nucleic acid sequence information for virtually allknown genes and can either obtain the nucleic acid molecule directlyfrom a public depository, the institution that published the sequence,or employ routine methods to prepare the molecule.

For gene therapy use, the ligands described herein may be taken up inpharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as, for example, solutions,suspensions, tablets, capsules, ointments, elixirs, and injectablecompositions. Pharmaceutical preparations may contain from 0.01% to 99%by weight of the ligand. Preparations may be either in single ormultiple dose forms. The amount of ligand in any particularpharmaceutical preparation will depend upon the effective dose, that is,the dose required to elicit the desired gene expression or suppression.

Suitable routes of administering the pharmaceutical preparations includeoral, rectal, topical (including dermal, buccal and sublingual),vaginal, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous,intradermal, intrathecal and epidural) and by naso-gastric tube. It willbe understood by those skilled in the art that the preferred route ofadministration will depend upon the condition being treated and may varywith factors such as the condition of the recipient.

The ligands described herein may also be administered in conjunctionwith other pharmaceutically active compounds. It will be understood bythose skilled in the art that pharmaceutically active compounds to beused in combination with the ligands described herein will be selectedin order to avoid adverse effects on the recipient or undesirableinteractions between the compounds. Examples of other pharmaceuticallyactive compounds which may be used in combination with the ligandsinclude, for example, AIDS chemotherapeutic agents, amino acidderivatives, analgesics, anesthetics, anorectal products, antacids andantiflatulents, antibiotics, anticoagulants, antidotes, antifibrinolyticagents, antihistamines, anti-inflamatory agents, antineoplastics,antiparasitics, antiprotzoals, antipyretics, antiseptics, antispasmodicsand anticholinergics, antivirals, appetite suppressants, arthritismedications, biological response modifiers, bone metabolism regulators,bowel evacuants, cardiovascular agents, central nervous systemstimulants, cerebral metabolic enhancers, cerumenolytics, cholinesteraseinhibitors, cold and cough preparations, colony stimulating factors,contraceptives, cytoprotective agents, dental preparations, deodorants,dermatologicals, detoxifying agents, diabetes agents, diagnostics,diarrhea medications, dopamine receptor agonists, electrolytes, enzymesand digestants, ergot preparations, fertility agents, fiber supplements,antifungal agents, galactorrhea inhibitors, gastric acid secretioninhibitors, gastrointestinal prokinetic agents, gonadotropin inhibitors,hair growth stimulants, hematinics, hemorrheologic agents, hemostatics,histamine H₂ receptor antagonists, hormones, hyperglycemic agents,hypolipidemics, immunosuppressants, laxatives, leprostatics,leukapheresis adjuncts, lung surfactants, migraine preparations,mucolytics, muscle relaxant antagonists, muscle relaxants, narcoticantagonists, nasal sprays, nausea medications nucleoside analogues,nutritional supplements, osteoporosis preparations, oxytocics,parasympatholytics, parasympathomimetics, Parkinsonism drugs, Penicillinadjuvants, phospholipids, platelet inhibitors, porphyria agents,prostaglandin analogues, prostaglandins, proton pump inhibitors,pruritus medications psychotropics, quinolones, respiratory stimulants,saliva stimulants, salt substitutes, sclerosing agents, skin woundpreparations, smoking cessation aids, sulfonamides, sympatholytics,thrombolytics, Tourette's syndrome agents, tremor preparations,tuberculosis preparations, uricosuric agents, urinary tract agents,uterine contractants, uterine relaxants, vaginal preparations, vertigoagents, vitamin D analogs, vitamins, and medical imaging contrast media.In some cases the ligands may be useful as an adjunct to drug therapy,for example, to “turn off” a gene that produces an enzyme thatmetabolizes a particular drug.

For agricultural applications, in addition to the applications describedabove, the ligands of this invention may also be used to control theexpression of pesticidal proteins such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)toxin. Such expression may be tissue or plant specific. In addition,particularly when control of plant pests is also needed, one or motepesticides may be combined with the ligands described herein, therebyproviding additional advantages and effectiveness, including fewer totalapplications, than if the pesticides are applied separately. Whenmixtures with pesticides are employed, the relative proportions of eachcomponent in the composition will depend upon the relative efficacy andthe desired application rate of each pesticide with respect to thecrops, pests, and/or weeds to be treated. Those skilled in the art willrecognize that mixtures of pesticides may provide advantages such as abroader spectrum of activity than one pesticide used alone. Examples ofpesticides which can be combined in compositions with the ligandsdescribed herein include fungicides, herbicides, insecticides,miticides, and microbicides.

The ligands described herein can be applied to plant foliage as aqueoussprays by methods commonly employed, such as conventional high-literhydraulic sprays, low-liter sprays, air-blast, and aerial sprays. Thedilution and rate of application will depend upon the type of equipmentemployed, the method and frequency of application desired, and theligand application rate. It may be desirable to include additionaladjuvants in the spray tank. Such adjuvants include surfactants,dispersants spreaders, stickers, antifoam agents, emulsifiers, and othersimilar materials described in McCutcheon's Emulsifiers and Detergents,McCutcheon's Emulsifiers and Detergents/Functional Materials, andMcCutcheon's Functional Materials, all published annually by McCutcheonDivision of MC Publishing Company (New Jersey). The ligands can also bemixed with fertilizers or fertilizing materials before theirapplication. The ligands and solid fertilizing material can also beadmixed in mixing or blending equipment, or they can be incorporatedwith fertilizers in granular formulations. Any relative proportion offertilizer can be used which is suitable for the crops and weeds to betreated. The ligands described herein will commonly comprise from 5% to50% of the fertilizing composition. These compositions providefertilizing materials which promote the rapid growth of desired plants,and at the same time control gene expression.

Host Cells and Non-Human Organisms of the Invention

As described above, ligands for modulating gene expression system of thepresent invention may be used to modulate gene expression in a hostcell. Expression in transgenic host cells may be useful for theexpression of various genes of interest. The present invention providesligands for modulation of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotichost dells. Expression in transgenic host cells is useful for theexpression of various polypeptides of interest including but not limitedto antigens produced in plants as vaccines, enzymes like alpha-amylase,phytase, glucanes, and xylanse, genes for resistance against insects,nematodes, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and abiotic stresses, antigens,nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, vitamins, genes for modifying aminoacid content, herbicide resistance, cold, drought, and heat tolerance,industrial products, oils, protein, carbohydrates, antioxidants, malesterile plants, flowers, fuels, other output traits, therapeuticpolypeptides, pathway intermediates; for the modulation of pathwaysalready existing in the host for the synthesis of new productsheretofore not possible using the host; cell based assays; functionalgenomics assays, biotherapeutic protein production, proteomics assays,and the like. Additionally the gene products may be useful forconferring higher growth yields of the host or for enabling analternative growth mode to be utilized.

Thus, the present invention provides ligands for modulating geneexpression in an isolated host cell according to the invention. The hostcell may be a bacterial cell, a fungal cell, a nematode cell, an insectcell, a fish cell, a plant cell, an avian cell, an animal cell, or amammalian cell. In still another embodiment, the invention relates toligands for modulating gene expression in an host cell, wherein themethod comprises culturing the host cell as described above in culturemedium under conditions permitting expression of a polynucleotideencoding the nuclear receptor ligand binding domain comprising asubstitution mutation, and isolating the nuclear receptor ligand bindingdomain comprising a substitution mutation from the culture.

In a specific embodiment, the isolated host cell is a prokaryotic hostcell or a eukaryotic host cell. In another specific embodiment, theisolated host cell is an invertebrate host cell or a vertebrate hostcell. Preferably, the host cell is selected from the group consisting ofa bacterial cell, a fungal cell, a yeast cell, a nematode cell, aninsect cell, a fish cell, a plant cell, an avian cell, an animal cell,and a mammalian cell. More preferably, the host cell is a yeast cell, anematode cell, an insect cell, a plant cell, a zebrafish cell, a chickencell, a hamster cell, a mouse cell, a rat cell, a rabbit cell, a catcell, a dog cell, a bovine cell, a goat cell, a cow cell, a pig cell, ahorse cell, a sheep cell, a simian cell, a monkey cell, a chimpanzeecell, or a human cell. Examples of preferred host cells include, but arenot limited to, fungal or yeast species such as Aspergillus,Trichoderma, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Candida, Hansenula, or bacterialspecies such as those in the genera Synechocysus, Synechococcus,Salmonella, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces,Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Methylomonas, Methylobacter, Alcaligeres,Synechorystis, Anabaena, Thiobacillus, Methanobacterium and Klebsiella;plant species selected from the group consisting of an apple,Arabidopsis, bajra, banana, barley, beans, beet, blackgram, chickpea,chili, cucumber, eggplant, favabean, maize, melon, millet, mungbean,oat, okra, Panicum, papaya, peanut, pea, pepper, pigeonpea, pineapple,Phaseolus, potato, pumpkin, rice, sorghum, soybean, squash, sugarcane,sugarbeet, sunflower, sweet potato, tea, tomato, tobacco, watermelon,and wheat; animal; and mammalian host cells.

In a specific embodiment, the host cell is a yeast cell selected fromthe group consisting of a Saccharomyces, a Pichia, and a Candida hostcell.

In another specific embodiment, the host cell is a Caenorhabdus elegansnematode cell.

In another specific embodiment, the host cell is an insect cell.

In another specific embodiment, the host cell is a plant cell selectedfrom the group consisting of an apple, Arabidopsis, bajra, banana,barley, beans, beet, blackgram, chickpea, chili, cucumber, eggplant,favabean, maize, melon, millet, mungbean, oat, okra, Panicum, papaya,peanut, pea, pepper, pigeonpea, pineapple, Phaseolus, potato, pumpkin,rice, sorghum, soybean, squash, sugarcane, sugarbeet, sunflower, sweetpotato, tea, tomato, tobacco, watermelon, and wheat cell.

In another specific embodiment, the host cell is a zebrafish cell.

In another specific embodiment, the host cell is a chicken cell.

In another specific embodiment, the host cell is a mammalian cellselected from the group consisting of a hamster cell, a mouse cell, arat cell, a rabbit cell, a cat cell, a dog cell, a bovine cell, a goatcell, a cow cell, a pig cell, a horse cell, a sheep cell, a monkey cell,a chimpanzee cell, and a human cell.

Host cell transformation is well known in the art and may be achieved bya variety of methods including but not limited to electroporation, viralinfection, plasmid/vector transfection, non-viral vector mediatedtransfection, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, particlebombardment, and the like. Expression of desired gene products involvesculturing the transformed host cells under suitable conditions andinducing expression of the transformed gene. Culture conditions and geneexpression protocols in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are well knownin the art (see General Methods section of Examples). Cells may beharvested and the gene products isolated according to protocols specificfor the gene product.

In addition, a host cell may be chosen which modulates the expression ofthe inserted polynucleotide, or modifies and processes the polypeptideproduct in the specific fashion desired. Different host cells havecharacteristic and specific mechanisms for the translational andpost-translational processing and modification [e.g., glycosylation,cleavage (e.g., of signal sequence)] of proteins. Appropriate cell linesor host systems can be chosen to ensure the desired modification andprocessing of the foreign protein expressed. For example, expression ina bacterial system can be used to produce a non-glycosylated coreprotein product. However, a polypeptide expressed in bacteria may not beproperly folded. Expression in yeast can produce a glycosylated product.Expression in eukaryotic cells can increase the likelihood of “native”glycosylation and folding of a heterologous protein. Moreover,expression in mammalian cells can provide a tool for reconstituting, orconstituting, the polypeptide's activity. Furthermore, differentvector/host expression systems may affect processing reactions, such asproteolytic cleavages, to a different extent. The present invention alsorelates to a non-human organism comprising an isolated host cellaccording to the invention. In a specific embodiment, the non-humanorganism is a prokaryotic organism or a eukaryotic organism. In anotherspecific embodiment, the non-human organism is an invertebrate organismor a vertebrate organism.

Preferably, the non-human organism is selected from the group consistingof a bacterium, a fungus, a yeast, a nematode, an insect, a fish, aplant, a bird, an animal, and a mammal. More preferably, the non-humanorganism is a yeast, a nematode, an insect, a plant, a zebrafish, achicken, a hamster, a mouse, a rat, a rabbit, a cat, a dog, a bovine, agoat, a cow, a pig, a horse, a sheep, a simian, a monkey, or achimpanzee.

In a specific embodiment, the non-human organism is a yeast selectedfrom the group consisting of Saccharomyces, Pichia, and Candida.

In another specific embodiment, the non-human organism is a Caenorhabduselegans nematode.

In another specific embodiment, the non-human organism is a plantselected from the group consisting of an apple, Arubidopsis, bajra,banana, barley, beans, beet, blackgram, chickpea, chili, cucumber,eggplant, favabean, maize, melon, millet, mungbean, oat, okra, Panicum,papaya, peanut, pea, pepper, pigeonpea, pineapple, Phaseolus, potato,pumpkin, rice, sorghum, soybean, squash, sugarcane, sugarbeet,sunflower, sweet potato, tea, tomato, tobacco, watermelon, and wheat.

In another specific embodiment, the non-human organism is a Mus musculusmouse.

Gene Expression Modulation System of the Invention

The present invention relates to a group of ligands that are useful inan ecdysone receptor-based inducible gene expression system. Aspresented herein, a novel group of ligands provides an improvedinducible gene expression system in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic hostcells. Thus, the present invention relates to ligands that are useful tomodulate expression of genes. In particular, the present inventionrelates to ligands having the ability to transactivate a gene expressionmodulation system comprising at least one gene expression cassette thatis capable of being expressed in a host cell comprising a polynucleotidethat encodes a polypeptide comprising a Group H nuclear receptor ligandbinding domain. Preferably, the Group H nuclear receptor ligand bindingis from an ecdysone receptor, a ubiquitous receptor, an orphan receptor1, a NER-1, a steroid hormone nuclear receptor 1, a retinoid X receptorinteracting protein-15, a liver X receptor β, a steroid hormone receptorlike protein, a liver X receptor, a liver X receptor α, a farnesoid Xreceptor, a receptor interacting protein 14, and a farnesol receptor.More preferably, the Group H nuclear receptor ligand binding domain isfrom an ecdysone receptor.

In a specific embodiment, the gene expression modulation systemcomprises a gene expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide thatencodes a polypeptide composing a transactivation domain, a DNA-bindingdomain that recognizes a response element associated with a gene whoseexpression is to be modulated; and a Group H nuclear receptor ligandbinding domain comprising a substitution mutation. The gene expressionmodulation system may further comprise a second gene expression cassettecomprising: i) a response element recognized by the DNA-binding domainof the encoded polypeptide of the first gene expression cassette; ii) apromoter that is activated by the transactivation domain of the encodedpolypeptide of the first gene expression cassette; and iii) a gene whoseexpression is to be modulated.

In another specific embodiment, the gene expression modulation systemcomprises a gene expression cassette comprising a) a polynucleotide thatencodes a polypeptide comprising a transactivation domain, a DNA-bindingdomain that recognizes a response element associated with a gene whoseexpression is to be modulated; and a Group H nuclear receptor ligandbinding domain comprising a substitution mutation, and b) a secondnuclear receptor ligand binding domain selected from the groupconsisting of a vertebrate retinoid X receptor ligand binding domain, aninvertebrate retinoid X receptor ligand binding domain, an ultraspiracleprotein ligand binding domain, and a chimeric ligand binding domaincomprising two polypeptide fragments, wherein the first polypeptidefragment is from a vertebrate retinoid X receptor ligand binding domain,an invertebrate retinoid X receptor ligand binding domain, or anultraspiracle protein ligand binding domain, and the second polypeptidefragment is from a different vertebrate retinoid X receptor ligandbinding domain, invertebrate retinoid X receptor ligand binding domain,or ultraspiracle protein ligand binding domain. The gene expressionmodulation system may further comprise a second gene expression cassettecomprising: i) a response element recognized by the DNA-binding domainof the encoded polypeptide of the first gene expression cassette; ii) apromoter that is activated by the transactivation domain of the encodedpolypeptide of the first gene expression cassette; and iii) a gene whoseexpression is to be modulated.

In another specific embodiment, the gene expression modulation systemcomprises a first gene expression cassette comprising a polynucleotidethat encodes a first polypeptide comprising a DNA-binding domain thatrecognizes a response element associated with a gene whose expression isto be modulated and a nuclear receptor ligand binding domain, and asecond gene expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide that encodesa second polypeptide comprising a transactivation domain and a nuclearreceptor ligand binding domain, wherein one of the nuclear receptorligand binding domains is a Group H nuclear receptor ligand bindingdomain comprising a substitution mutation. In a preferred embodiment,the first polypeptide is substantially free of a transactivation domainand the second polypeptide is substantially free of a DNA bindingdomain. For purposes of the invention, “substantially free” means thatthe protein in question does not contain a sufficient sequence of thedomain in question to provide activation or binding activity. The geneexpression modulation system may further comprise a third geneexpression cassette comprising: i) a response element recognized by theDNA-binding domain of the first polypeptide of the first gene expressioncassette; ii) a promoter that is activated by the transactivation domainof the second polypeptide of the second gene expression cassette; andiii) a gene whose expression is to be modulated.

Wherein when only one nuclear receptor ligand binding domain is a GroupH ligand binding domain comprising a substitution mutation, the othernuclear receptor ligand binding domain may be from any other nuclearreceptor that forms a dimer with the Group H ligand binding domaincomprising the substitution mutation. For example, when the Group Hnuclear receptor ligand binding domain comprising a substitutionmutation is an ecdysone receptor ligand binding domain comprising asubstitution mutation, the other nuclear receptor ligand binding domain(“partner”) may be from an ecdysone receptor, a vertebrate retinoid Xreceptor (RXR), an invertebrate RXR, an ultraspiracle protein (USP), ora chimeric nuclear receptor comprising at least two different nuclearreceptor ligand binding domain polypeptide fragments selected from thegroup consisting of a vertebrate RXR, an invertebrate RXR, and a USP(see co-pending applications PCT/US01/09050, PCT/US02/05235, andPCT/US02/05706, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). The“partner” nuclear receptor ligand binding domain may further comprise atruncation mutation, a deletion mutation, a substitution mutation, oranother modification.

Preferably, the vertebrate RXR ligand binding domain is from a humanHomo sapiens mouse Mus musculus, rat Rattus norvegicus, chicken Gallusgallus, pig Sus scrofa domestica, frog Xenopus laevis, zebrafish Daniorerio, tunicate Polyandrocapa misaliekiusis, or jellyfish Tripedaliacysophora RXR.

Preferably, the invertebrate RXR ligand binding domain is from a locustLocusta migratoria ultraspiracle polypeptide (“LmUSP”), an ixodid tickAmblyomma americanum RXR homolog 1 (“AmaRXR1”), a ixodid tick Amblyommaamericanum RXR homolog 2 (“AmaRXR2”), a fiddler crab Celuca pugilatorRXR homolog (“CpRXR”), a beetle Tenebrio molitor RXR homolog (“TmRXR”),a honeybee Apis mellifera RXR homolog (“AmRXR”), an aphid Myzus persicaeRXR homolog (“MpRXR”), or a non-Dipteran/non-Lepidopteran RXR homolog.

Preferably, the chimeric RXR ligand binding domain comprises at leasttwo polypeptide fragments selected from the group consisting of avertebrate species RXR polypeptide fragment, an invertebrate species RXRpolypeptide fragment, and a non-Dipteran/non-Lepidopteran invertebratespecies RXR homolog polypeptide fragment. A chimeric RXR ligand bindingdomain for use in the present invention may comprise at least twodifferent species RXR polypeptide fragments, or when the species is thesame, the two or more polypeptide fragments may be from two or moredifferent isoforms of the species RXR polypeptide fragment.

In a preferred embodiment, the chimeric RXR ligand binding domaincomprises at least one vertebrate species RXR polypeptide fragment andone invertebrate species RXR polypeptide fragment.

In a more preferred embodiment, the chimeric RXR ligand binding domaincomprises at least one vertebrate species RXR polypeptide fragment andone non-Dipteran/non-Lepidopteran invertebrate species RXR homologpolypeptide fragment.

In a specific embodiment, the gene whose expression is to be modulatedis a homologous gene with respect to the host cell. In another specificembodiment, the gene whose expression is to be modulated is aheterologous gene with respect to the host cell.

The ligands for use in the present invention as described below, whencombined with the ligand binding domain of the nuclear receptor(s),which in turn are bound to the response element linked to a gene,provide the means for external temporal regulation of expression of thegene. The binding mechanism or the order in which the various componentsof this invention bind to each other, that is, for example, ligand toligand binding domain, DNA-binding domain to response element,transactivation domain to promoter, etc., is not critical.

In a specific example, binding of the ligand to the ligand bindingdomain of a Group H nuclear receptor and its nuclear receptor ligandbinding domain partner enables expression or suppression of the gene.This mechanism does not exclude the potential for ligand binding to theGroup H nuclear receptor (GHNR) or its partner, and the resultingformation of active homodimer complexes (e.g. GHNR+GHNR orpartner+partner). Preferably, one or more of the receptor domains isvaried producing a hybrid gene switch. Typically, one or more of thethree domains, DBD, LBD, and transactivation domain, may be chosen froma source different than the source of the other domains so that thehybrid genes and the resulting hybrid proteins are optimized in thechosen host cell or organism for transactivating activity, complementarybinding of the ligand, and recognition of a specific response element.In addition, the response element itself can be modified or substitutedwith response elements for other DNA binding protein domains such as theGAL-4 protein from yeast (see Sadowski, et al. (1988) Nature, 335:563-564) or LexA protein from Escherichia coli (see Brent and Ptashne(1985), Cell, 43: 729.736), or synthetic response elements specific fortargeted interactions with proteins designed, modified, and selected forsuch specific interactions (see, for example, Kim, et al. (1997), Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 94: 3616-3620) to accommodate hybrid receptors.Another advantage of two-hybrid systems is that they allow choice of apromoter used to drive the gene expression according to a desired endresult. Such double control can be particularly important in areas ofgene therapy, especially when cytotoxic proteins are produced, becauseboth the timing of expression as well as the cells wherein expressionoccurs can be controlled. When genes, operably linked to a suitablepromoter, are introduced into the cells of the subject, expression ofthe exogenous genes is controlled by the presence of the system of thisinvention. Promoters may be constitutively or inducibly regulated or maybe tissue-specific (that is, expressed only in a particular type ofcells) or specific to certain developmental stages of the organism.

The ecdysone receptor is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamilyand classified into subfamily 1, group H (referred to herein as “Group Hnuclear receptors”). The members of each group share 40-60% amino acididentity in the E (ligand binding) domain (Laudet et al., A UnifiedNomenclature System for the Nuclear Receptor Subfamily, 1999; Cell 97:161-163). In addition to the ecdysone receptor, other members of thisnuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H include: ubiquitous receptor (UR),orphan receptor 1 (OR-1), steroid hormone nuclear receptor 1 (NER-1),retinoid X receptor interacting protein-15 (RIP-15), liver X receptor β(LXRβ), steroid hormone receptor like protein (RLD-1), liver X receptor(LXR), liver X receptor α (LXRα), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), receptorinteracting protein 14 (RIP-14), and farnesol receptor (HRR-1

In particular, described herein are novel ligands useful in a geneexpression modulation system comprising a Group H nuclear receptorligand binding domain comprising a substitution mutation. This geneexpression system may be a “single switch”-based gene expression systemin which the transactivation, domain, DNA-binding domain and ligandbinding domain are on one encoded polypeptide. Alternatively, the geneexpression modulation system may be a “dual switch”- or“two-hybrid”-based gene expression modulation system in which thetransactivation domain and DNA-binding domain are located on twodifferent encoded polypeptides.

An ecdysone receptor-based gene expression modulation system of thepresent invention may be either heterodimeric or homodimeric. Afunctional EcR complex generally refers to a heterodimeric proteincomplex consisting of two members of the steroid receptor family, anecdysone receptor protein obtained from various insects, and anulraspiracle (USP) protein or the vertebrate homolog of USP, retinoid Xreceptor protein (see Yao, et al (1993) Nature 366, 476-479; Yao, etal., (1992) Cell 71, 63-72). However, the complex may also be ahomodimer as detailed below. The functional ecdysteroid receptor complexmay also include additional protein(s) such as immunophilins. Additionalmembers of the steroid receptor family of proteins, known astranscriptional factors (such as DHR38 or betaFTZ-1), may also be liganddependent or independent partners for EcR, USP, and/or RXR.Additionally, other cofactors may be required such as proteins generallyknown as coactivators (also termed adapters or mediators). Theseproteins do not bind sequence-specifically to DNA and are not involvedin basal transcription. They may exert their effect on transcriptionactivation through various mechanisms, including stimulation ofDNA-binding of activators, by affecting chromatin structure, or bymediating activator-initiation complex interactions. Examples of suchcoactivators include RIP140, TIF1, RAP46/Bag-1, ARA70, SRC-1/NCoA-1,TIF2/GRIP/NCoA-2, ACTR/A1B1/RAC3/pCIP as well as the promiscuouscoactivator C response element B binding protein. CBP/p300 (for reviewsee Glass et al., Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9:222-232, 1997). Also, proteincofactors generally known as corepressors (also known as repressors,silencers, or silencing mediators) may be required to effectivelyinhibit transcriptional activation in the absence of ligand. Thesecorepressors may interact with the unliganded ecdysone receptor tosilence the activity at the response element. Current evidence suggeststhat the binding of ligand changes the conformation of the receptor,which results in release of the corepressor and recruitment of the abovedescribed coactivators, thereby abolishing their silencing activity.Examples of corepressors include N—CoR and SMRT (for review, see Horwitzet al. Mol Endocrinol. 10: 1167-1177, 1996). These cofactors may eitherbe endogenous within the cell or organism, or may be added exogenouslyas transgenes to be expressed in either a regulated or unregulatedfashion. Homodimer complexes of the ecdysone receptor protein, USP, orRXR may also be functional under some circumstances.

The ecdysone receptor complex typically includes proteins that aremembers of the nuclear receptor superfamily wherein all members aregenerally characterized by the presence of an amino-terminaltransactivation domain, a DNA binding domain (“DBD”), and a ligandbinding domain (“LBD”) separated from the DBD by a hinge region. As usedherein, the term “DNA binding domain” comprises a minimal polypeptidesequence of a DNA binding protein, up to the entire length of a DNAbinding protein, so long as the DNA binding domain functions toassociate with a particular response element. Members of the nuclearreceptor superfamily are also characterized by the presence of four orfive domains: A/B, C, D, E, and in some members F (see U.S. Pat. No.4,981,784 and Evans, Science 240:889-895 (1988)). The “A/B” domaincorresponds to the transactivation domain, “C” corresponds to the DNAbinding domain, “D” corresponds to the hinge region, and “E” correspondsto the ligand binding domain. Some members of the family may also haveanother transactivation domain on the carboxy-terminal side of the LBDcorresponding to “F”.

The DBD is characterized by the presence of two cysteine zinc fingersbetween which are two amino acid motifs, the P-box and the D-box, whichconfer specificity for ecdysone response elements. These domains may beeither native, modified, or chimeras of different domains ofheterologous receptor proteins. The EcR receptor, like a subset of thesteroid receptor family, also possesses less well-defined regionsresponsible for heterodimerization properties. Because the domains ofnuclear receptors are modular in nature, the LBD, DBD, andtransactivation domains may be interchanged.

Gene switch systems are known that incorporate components from theecdysone receptor complex. However, in these known systems, whenever EcRis used it is associated with native or modified DNA binding domains andtransactivation domains on the same molecule. USP or RXR are typicallyused as silent partners. It has previously been shown that when DNAbinding domains and transactivation domains are on the same molecule thebackground activity in the absence of ligand is high and that suchactivity is dramatically reduced when DNA binding domains andtransactivation domains are on different molecules, that is, on each oftwo partners of a heterodimeric or homodimeric complex (seePCT/US01/09050).

Method of Modulating Gene Expression of the Invention

The present invention also relates to methods of modulating geneexpression in a host cell using a gene expression modulation systemaccording to the invention. Specifically, the present invention providesa method of modulating the expression of a gene in a host cellcomprising the steps of: a) introducing into the host cell a geneexpression modulation system according to the invention; and b)introducing into the host cell a ligand; wherein the gene to bemodulated is a component of a gene expression cassette comprising: i) aresponse element comprising a domain recognized by the DNA bindingdomain of the gene expression system; ii) a promoter that is activatedby the transactivation domain of the gene expression system; and iii) agene whose expression is to be modulated, whereby upon introduction ofthe ligand into the host cell, expression of the gene is modulated.

The invention also provides a method of modulating the expression of agene in a host cell comprising the steps of: a) introducing into thehost cell a gene expression modulation system according to theinvention; b) introducing into the host cell a gene expression cassetteaccording to the invention, wherein the gene expression cassettecomprises i) a response element comprising a domain recognized by theDNA binding domain from the gene expression system; ii) a promoter thatis activated by the transactivation domain of the gene expressionsystem; and iii) a gene whose expression is to be modulated; and c)introducing into the host cell a ligand; whereby upon introduction ofthe ligand into the host cell, expression of the gene is modulated.

The present invention also provides a method of modulating theexpression of a gene in a host cell comprising a gene expressioncassette comprising a response element comprising a domain to which theDNA binding domain from the first hybrid polypeptide of the geneexpression modulation system binds; a promoter that is activated by thetransactivation domain of the second hybrid polypeptide of the geneexpression modulation system; and a gene whose expression is to bemodulated; wherein the method comprises the steps of: a) introducinginto the host cell a gene expression modulation system according to theinvention; and b) introducing into the host cell a ligand; whereby uponintroduction of the ligand into the host, expression of the gene ismodulated.

Genes of interest for expression in a host cell using methods disclosedherein may be endogenous genes or heterologous genes. Nucleic acid oramino acid sequence information for a desired gene or protein can belocated in one of many public access databases, for example, GENBANK.EMBL. Swiss-Prot, and PIR, or in many biology related journalpublications. Thus, those skilled in the art have access to nucleic acidsequence information for virtually all known genes. Such information canthen be used to construct the desired constructs for the insertion ofthe gene of interest within the gene expression cassettes used in themethods described herein.

Examples of genes of interest for expression in a host cell usingmethods set forth herein include, but are not limited to: antigensproduced in plants as vaccines, enzymes like alpha-amylase, phytase,glucanes, and xylanse, genes for resistance against insects, nematodes,fungi, bacteria, viruses, and abiotic stresses, nutraceuticals,pharmaceuticals, vitamins, genes for modifying amino acid content,herbicide resistance, cold, drought, and heat tolerance, industrialproducts, oils, protein, carbohydrates, antioxidants, male sterileplants, flowers, fuels, other output traits, genes encodingtherapeutically desirable polypeptides or products that may be used totreat a condition, a disease, a disorder, a dysfunction, a geneticdefect, such as monoclonal antibodies, enzymes, proteases, cytokines,interferons, insulin, erthropoietin, clotting factors, other bloodfactors or components, viral vectors for gene therapy, virus forvaccines, targets for drug discovery, functional genomics, andproteomics analyses and applications, and the like.

Measuring Gene Expression/Transcription

One useful measurement of the methods of the invention is that of thetranscriptional state of the cell including the identities andabundances of RNA, preferably mRNA species. Such measurements areconveniently conducted by measuring cDNA abundances by any of severalexisting gene expression technologies.

Nucleic acid array technology is a useful technique for determiningdifferential mRNA expression. Such technology includes, for example,oligonucleotide chips and DNA microarrays. These techniques rely on DNAfragments or oligonucleotides which correspond to different genes orcDNAs which are immobilized on a solid support and hybridized to probesprepared from total mRNA pools extracted from cells, tissues, or wholeorganisms and converted to cDNA. Oligonucleotide chips are arrays ofoligonucleotides synthesized on a substrate using photolithographictechniques. Chips have been produced which can analyze for up to 1700genes. DNA microarrays are arrays of DNA samples, typically PCRproducts, that are robotically printed onto a microscope slide. Eachgene is analyzed by a full or partial-length target DNA sequence.Microarrays with up to 10,000 genes are now routinely preparedcommercially. The primary difference between these two techniques isthat oligonucleotide chips typically utilize 25-mer oligonucleotideswhich allow fractionation of short DNA molecules whereas the larger DNAtargets of microarrays, approximately 1000 base pairs, may provide moresensitivity in fractionating complex DNA mixtures.

Another useful measurement of the methods of the invention is that ofdetermining the translation state of the cell by measuring theabundances of the constituent protein species present in the cell usingprocesses well known in the art.

Where identification of genes associated with various physiologicalfunctions is desired, an assay may be employed in which changes in suchfunctions as cell growth, apoptosis, senescence, differentiation,adhesion, binding to a specific molecules, binding to another cell,cellular organization, organogenesis, intracellular transport, transportfacilitation, energy conversion, metabolism, myogenesis, neurogenesis,and/or hematopoiesis is measured.

In addition, selectable marker or reporter gene expression may be usedto measure gone expression modulation using the present invention.

Other methods to detect the products of gene expression are well knownin the art and include Southern blots (DNA detection), dot or slot blots(DNA, RNA), northern blots (RNA). RT-PCR (RNA), western blots(polypeptide detection), and ELISA (polypeptide) analyses. Although lesspreferred, labeled proteins can be used to detect a particular nucleicacid sequence to which it hybidizes.

In some cases it is necessary to amplify the amount of a nucleic acidsequence. This may be carried out using one or more of a number ofsuitable methods including, for example, polymerase chain reaction(“PCR”), ligase chain reaction (“LCR”), strand displacementamplification (“SDA”), transcription-based amplification, and the like.PCR is carried out in accordance with known techniques in which, forexample, a nucleic acid sample is treated in the presence of a heatstable DNA polymerase, under hybridizing conditions, with one pair ofoligonucleotide primers, with one primer hybridizing to one strand(template) of the specific sequence to be detected. The primers aresufficiently complementary to each template strand of the specificsequence to hybridize therewith. An extension product of each primer issynthesized and is complementary to the nucleic acid template strand towhich it hybridized. The extension product synthesized from each primercan also serve as a template for further synthesis of extension productsusing the same primers. Following a sufficient number of rounds ofsynthesis of extension products, the sample may be analyzed as describedabove to assess whether the sequence or sequences to be detected arepresent.

The present invention may be better understood by reference to thefollowing non-limiting Examples, which are provided as exemplary of theinvention.

EXAMPLES General Methods

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used hereinare well known in the art and are described by Sambrook. J., Fritsch, E.F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) (Maniatis) andby T. J. Silhavy, M. L. Beanan, and L. W. Enquist, Experiments with GeneFusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984)and by Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley-Interscience (1987).

Materials and methods suitable for the maintenance and growth ofbacterial cultures are well known in the art. Techniques suitable foruse in the following examples may be found as set out in Manual ofMethods for General Bacteriology (Phillipp Gerhardt, R. G. E. Murray.Ralph N. Costilow, Eugene W. Nester, Willis A. Wood, Noel R. Krieg andG. Briggs Phillips, eds), American Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C. (1994)) or by Thomas D. Brock in Biotechnology: A Textbook ofIndustrial Microbiology, Second Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc.,Sunderland, Mass. (1989). All reagents, restriction enzymes andmaterials used for the growth and maintenance of host cells wereobtained from Aldrich Chemicals (Milwaukee, Wis.). DIFCO Laboratories(Detroit, Mich.), GIBCO/BRL (Gaithersburg, Md.), or Sigma ChemicalCompany (St. Louis, Mo.) unless otherwise specified.

Manipulations of genetic sequences may be accomplished using the suiteof programs available from the Genetics Computer Group Inc. (WisconsinPackage Version 9.0, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison. WI). Wherethe GCG program “Pileup” is used the gap creation default value of 12,and the gap extension default value of 4 may be used. Where the CGC“Gap” or “Bestfit” program is used the default gap creation penalty of50 and the default gap extension penalty of 3 may be used. In any casewhere GCG program parameters are not prompted for, in these or any otherGCG program, default values may be used.

The meaning of abbreviations is as follows: “h” means hour(s), “min”means minute(s), “sec” means second(s), “d” means day(s), “μL” meansmicroliter(s), “mL” means milliliter(s), “L” means liter(s), “μM” meansmicromolar, “mM” means millimolar, “M” means molar, “mmol” meansmillimoles, “μg” means microgram(s), “mg” means milligram(s), “A” meansadenine or adenosine, “T” means thymine or thymidine, “G” means guanineor guanosine, “C” means cytidine or cytosine, “×g” means times gravity,“nt” means nucleotide(s), “aa” means amino acid(s), “bp” means basepair(s), “kb” means kilobase(s), “k” means kilo, “μ” means micro, “C”means degrees Celsius, “C” in the context of a chemical equation meansCelsius, “THF” means tetrahydrofuran, “DME” means dimethoxyethane, “DMF”means dimethylformamide, “NMR” means nuclear magnetic resonance, “psi”refers to pounds per square inch, and “TLC” means thin layerchromatography.

Example 1 Preparation of Compounds

The compounds of the present invention may be made according to thefollowing synthesis routes.

1.1 Preparation of RG-115853

20.0 g (0.232 mol) of pivaldehyde were dissolved in 600 mL THF in a3-neck round bottom 2 L flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar andthermometer. The flask was flushed with N₂. The solution was cooled to−65° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath. 100 mL of a 2.3 M solution ofhexyllithium in hexane (0.23 moles) was added by means of a 20 mL glasssyringe inserted between a rubber stopper and the glass neck, in small 5mL portions, keeping the temperature at or below −60° C. After stirringat −60° C. for 1 hour, the reaction was allowed to warm to ca. −5° C.over one hour. The reaction was cooled again to −60° C., and slowlyquenched with aqueous NH₄Cl solution, and allowing the temperature torise above −50° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up as 100 mLof water were added. The THF was removed on a rotary evaporator,maintaining the water bath temperature at 25-30° C., to prevent loss ofvolatile product. The product was extracted with ethyl ether; theorganic layer was dried and solvent was carefully removed on a rotaryevaporator, monitoring weight loss. The product 2,2-dimethyl-nonau-3-olwas used in the subsequent oxidation step as a highly concentratedsolution in ether.

2,2-dimethyl-nonan-3-ol, available as a concentrated solution in ether(ca. 0.23 moles, cf. previous procedure), was dissolved in ca. 350 mLCH₂Cl₂ in a 500 mL round bottom flask. With vigorous stirring andexternal cooling, pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC, 76.6 g, 0.355 mol) wasadded slowly. The reaction mixture turned black and began to warm. Thereaction was stirred overnight at mom temperature, and the supernatantwas decanted from a black sludge which had formed. The sludge wasextracted with ca. 40 mL of hexane, which was combined with the CH₂Cl₂solution. This mixture was applied directly to a 100 g silica gelcolumn, and eluted first with CH₂Cl₂/hexane and then with 10% ethylacetate in hexane to yield 35.8 g crude, green-colored product. Thismaterial was rechromatographed; elution with hexane and carefulevaporation at 25° C. on a rotary evaporator yielded 26.1 g2,2-dimethyl-nonan-3-one (67% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ (ppm):2.47 (t, 2H), 1.28 (br, 8H), 0.89 (t, 3H).

To a 500 mL, 3-neck flask equipped with magnetic stirring, and chilledin an ice water bath, were added 50 mL CH₂Cl₂, followed by a solution of32 g (231 mmol) K₂CO₃ dissolved in 80 mL water, and 24 g (479 mmol)hydrazine hydrate. Over a period of 30.60 minutes, a solution of 20 g(108.3 mmol) 2-methyl, 3-methoxybenzoyl chloride dissolved in 100 mLCH₂Cl₂ were added, while keeping the temperature below 10° C. Thereaction mixture was stirred for an additional hour, during which time aprecipitate formed. The precipitate was collected and shaken with aCH₂Cl₂/CHCl₃ mixture; the liquid phase was separated from remainingsolids, and solvent was removed in vacuo to leave 5.85 g crude producthydrazide. Meanwhile, the original CH₂Cl₂ solution was transferred to aseparatory funnel, diluted with CHCl₃, and shaken with water. Theorganic layer was removed, washed again with water, dried, and solventwas evaporated to leave a solid residue. This was washed thoroughly withhexane and filtered to provide an additional 6.05 g crude producthydrazide. The combined crude hydrazide was recrystallized from hotether or ethyl acetate/hexane mixtures to yield 10.04 g3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoic acid hydrazide: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 7.2 (t, 1H), 6.95 (br s, 1H), 6.9 (m, 2H), 4.15 (br s, 2H), 3.84(s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 311).

Tert-butylcarbazate (80.0 g, 605 mmol) was stirred in 800 mL methylenechloride and cooled to 0° C. To this was added the potassium carbonatesolution (937 g, 847 mmol). 2-Ethyl-3-methoxybenzoyl chloride (132 g,666 mmol) was dissolved in 400 mL of methylene chloride and added to thereaction mixture dropwise over 15 minutes. The mixture was stirred at 0°C. for 15 min. then at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction wasdiluted with more methylene chloride and water. The aqueous phase wasseparated. The remaining organic phase was washed with 1N HCl, water,saturated sodium chloride, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated.The residue was triturated with hexane to give a white solid.N′-(2-ethyl-3-methoxy-benzoyl)-hydrazinecarboxylic acid tert-butyl ester(167 g, 567 mmol) in 94% yield. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.4 (brs, 1H), 7.22 (t, 1H), 7.03 (br d, 1H), 6.95 (d, 1H), 6.65 (br, 1H), 3.84(s, 3H), 2.8 (q, 2H), 1.51 (s, 9H), 1.2 (t, 3H).

A round bottom flask was prepared with an overhead stirrer (necessarybecause of the large amount of solid that precipitates out during thereaction) and a nitrogen inlet. In this flask was stirredN′-(2-ethyl-3-methoxy-benzoyl)-hydrazinecarboxylic acid tert-butyl ester(166 g, 564 mmol) an methylene chloride (2260 mL). To this mixture wasadded trifluoroacetic acid (217 mL, 2820 mmol). The reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 18 hours. Ether (1000 mL) and hexane(1000 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour. Theprecipitate was filtered off and washed with 50% ether/hexane to give awhite solid (90.2 g) as the trifluoroacetate salt of the product. Themother liquors and washes were combined, evaporated, and triturated withether to give an additional amount of a white solid (15.5 g), again asthe trifluoroacetate salt of 2-ethyl-3-methoxy-benzoic acid hydrazide.The combined yield was 60% (105.7 g). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm):7.3 (t, 1H), 7.17 (d, 1H), 6.95 (d, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.65 q, 2H), 1.1(t, 3H). ¹⁹F-NMR (282.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm): −74.2 (s). Analysis ofthe free base 2-ethyl-3-methoxy-benzoic acid hydrazide: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm): 9.4 (br s, 1H), 7.2 (t, 1H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 6.85 (d,1H), 4.45 (br, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.6 (q, 2H), 1.1 (t, 3H).

3.40 g (20 mmol) of 2,2-dimethylnonan-3-one were dissolved in 40 mL of100% ethyl alcohol. Then 3.60 g (20 mmol) of 2-methyl,3-methoxybenzoylhydrazide and 20 drops of glacial acetic acid wereadded. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 10 hours (required forcomplete reaction) and monitored by TLC. To a solution of theintermediate 3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoic acid(1-tert-butyl-heptylidene)-hydrazide, were added 3.5 mL glacial aceticacid and 1.89 g (30 mmol) of sodium cyanoborohydride. The reaction wasstirred at room temperature for 24 hours and then refluxed for one hour.The reaction was cooled and 50 mL of water and 10% aqueous NaOH wasadded until the reaction was basic (pH=ca. 14). Most of the alcohol wasremoved on a rotary evaporator and the product was extracted with CHCl₃.The aqueous extract was dried and concentrated to constant weight,yielding 6 g of a viscous material. TLC (1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane)indicated that the material consisted of equal amounts of productalkylated hydrazide. Rf=0.6 (1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane) and startingunalkylated hydrazide, Rf=0.10 (1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane). Pure productwas obtained by column chromatography on silica,3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoic acid N′-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-hydrazide beingeluted with 20-30% ethyl acetate in hexane. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 7.18 (t, 1H), 7.05 (br s, 1H [NH]), 6.91 (d, 1H), 4.9 (br s, NH),3.84 (s, 3H), 2.5 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 1.2-1.8 (multiple amorphouspeaks, 10H), 0.97 (s, 9H), 0.9 (t, 3H).

164 mg (0.49 mmol) of 3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoic acidN′-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-hydrazide and 82 mg 3,5-dimethylbenzoylchloride were dissolved in 10 mL CH₂Cl₂. 7 mL of 25% K₂CO₃ were added,and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Thereaction was monitored by TLC. The phases were separated, addingadditional CH₂Cl₂ and/or water as needed to aid manipulation. The CH₂Cl₂layer was dried and solvent was removed in vacuo to provide 240 mg ofcrude product. This material was purified by silica gel columnchromatography, eluting with a step gradient of 5-20% ethyl acetate inhexane. The desired product eluted in the 15% ethyl acetate fraction,TLC Rf=0.62 (1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane), to yield 195 mg3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide. ¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.2 (s, NH), 7.05 (s, 2H), 7.03 (m, 1H),7.01 (s, 1H), 6.83 (d, 1H), 6.25 (d, 1H), 4.67 (d, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H),2.28 (s, 6H), 1.79 (s, 3H), 1.55 (br m, 2H), 1.3 (br, 8H), 1.34+1.07(s+s, 9H), 0.089 (br s, 3H).

1.2 Preparation of RG-115845

In a 25 mL vial, 123.1 mg (0.388 mmol) of 4-ethyl-benzoic acidN′-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-hydrazide were dissolved in 5 mL CH₂Cl₂. 3equivalents of PS-NMM (polystyrene SO₂NH(CH₂)₃-morpholine, ArgonautTech.) were added, followed by 3 mL CH₂Cl₂ to create a stirablesuspension. One equivalent of acid chloride was added, and the reactionmixture was stirred overnight. The next day, 2 equivalents of AP-NCOrein (isocyante scavenger, ArgonautTech.) and 2 equivalents ofAP-trisamine (polystyrene-CH₂NHCH₂CH₂NH(CH₂CH₂NH₂)₂, Argonaut Tech.)were added with 3 mL CH₂Cl₂. The mixture was stirred for four hours andthe resins were filtered. The reaction was analyzed by TLC, the solventwas removed, and the residue was dried under vacuum. After silica gelcolumn chromatography using a 0-100% ether in hexane gradient, 107.5 mgof 2-methoxy-nicotinic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(4-ethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide were isolated.

RG-115843, RG-115844, and RG-115854 were prepared in an analogous mannerfrom corresponding starting hydrazides and acid chlorides.

1.3 Preparation of RG-115878

15 g (133 mmol) of 2,2-dimethyl-4-pentenal was added to 600 mL of THF ina 2 L, 3-neck flask, flushed with N₂, and sealed with rubber stoppers.The reaction mixture was cooled to −60° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath.Butyllithium solution (2.5 M in hexane, 64.4 mL, 160.7 mmol) was added4-5 mL at a time from a 20 mL glass syringe. The reaction temperature,was kept at −65° C., during addition and afterwards was stirred for anadditional hour. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to −5° C. over1 hour, cooled to −60° C. again, and slowly quenched with ammoniumchloride solution (10.5 g/200 mL water, 200 mmol). THF was evaporatedusing a rotary evaporator, keeping the water bath temperature set at 30°C. The resultant aqueous solution was first extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×200mL), and then with ether (1×200 mL). The organic extracts were combined,dried, and concentrated on a rotary evaporator (30° C. water bath) toyield 22.64 g of 4,4-dimethyl-non-1-en-5-ol, TLC Rf=0.67 (1:1 ethylacetate:hexanes, visualization by I₂). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ (ppm):5.86 (m, 1H), 5.06 (m, 1H), 5.03 (s, 1H), 3.26 (d, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H),1.95 (m, 1H), 1.5 (m, 2H), 1.3 (m, 4H), 0.95, (t, 3H), 0.90 (s, 3H),0.89 (s, 3H).

17.50 g (102.9 mmol) of 4,4-dimethyl-non-1-en-5-ol and 300 mL of CH₂Cl₂were added to a 500 mL flask. The reaction was cooled in ice water.While stirring vigorously, 33.29 g (154 mmol) of pyridiniumchlorochromate was added in portions (ice bath). The reaction wasstirred at room temperature for 24 hours, during which time, it turnedblack and a sludge formed at the bottom of the flask. Black-brown CH₂Cl₂was decanted and the sludge was washed twice with CH₂Cl₂. The reactionproduct was purified by column chromatography on silica. The brownCH₂Cl₂ mixture was passed through a dry silica column and clean producteluted as the CH₂Cl₂ solution, which after solvent evaporation yielded12.69 g of product 4,4-dimethyl-non-1-en-5-one. Elution with 5% ethylacetate/hexane yielded an additional 1.40 g (81% yield). TLC of the pureproduct gave an Rf=0.71 (1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane, visualized by I₂). ¹HNMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ (ppm): 5.7 (m, 1H), 5.05 (m, 2H), 2.45 (t, 2H),2.27 (d, 2H), 1.5 (n, 2H), 1.3 (m, 2H), 1.12, (s, 3H), 0.90 (t, 3H).

A 50 mL round bottom flask was charged with 10.62 g (59 mmol) of2-methyl-3-methoxybenzoyl hydrazide and 10.0 g (59.5 mmol) of4,4-dimethylnonan-1-ene, 5-one and 150 mL of methanol. Twenty drops ofglacial acetic acid were added as a catalyst and the reaction mixturewas refluxed for 9 hours and stirred at room temperature for 48 hours.The intermediate hydrazone was not isolated, but TLC indicated that 30%product was obtained (Rf=0.58, 1:1 hex:ethyl acetate). To the reactionmixture was added 4 mL of acetic acid and 4.72 g (75 mmol) of NaCNBH₃,and the reaction was refluxed for one hour. The reaction mixture wastransferred to a 600 mL beaker, and 100 mL water were added, followed by10% NaOH until basic. Most of the alcohol was evaporated off, and theremaining mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate to yield 12.2 g ofresidue. Chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 15-25% ethylacetate/hexane yielded the crude product hydrazide (2.86 g, 15% yield),two spots by TLC, Rf=0.47 and 0.55 (1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane),Rechromatography yielded pure product by elution with an ethylacetate/hexane gradient; the 10% ethyl acetate/hexane fraction gavepurified 3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoic acidN′-(I-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-pent-4-enyl)-hydrazide, Rf=0.56, (1:1 ethylacetate/hexane). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.18 (t, 1H), 7.03 (s,1H, NH), 6.90 (d, 1H), 5.87 (m, 1H), 5.04 (m, 2H), 4.9 (br s, 1H NH),3.84 (a, 3H), 2.55 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.16 (m, 1H), 2.06 (m, 1H),1.7 (m, 1H), 1.6 (m, 1H), 1.45 (m, 1H), 1.3 (m, 3H), 0.96 (s, 3H), 0.92(s, 3H), 0.92 (t, 3H).

1.8 g (5.42 mmol) of 3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoic acidN′-(1-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-pent-4-enyl)-hydrazide and 1.34 g (8 mmol)3,5-dimethylbenzoyl chloride were dissolved in 50 mL CH₂Cl₂. 20 mL of20% K₂CO₃ (15 mmol) were added, and the reaction mixture was stirred atroom temperature overnight. The phases were separated, adding additionalCH₂Cl₂ and/or water as needed to aid manipulation. The CH₂Cl₂ layer wasdried and solvent was removed in vacuo to provide 1.65 g of a glassysolid. This material was purified by silica gel column chromatography,eluting with a step gradient of 5-25% ethyl acetate in hexane. Thedescribed product eluted in the 12% ethyl acetate fraction, TLC Rf=0.59(1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane), yeild=1.0 g. Rechromatography again with anethyl acetate/hexane step gradient provided a purer specimen of theintended diacylhydrazide, 3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-pent-4-enyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide,as a white solid. ¹H NMR 500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.2 (br s, NH), 7.11(m, 1H), 7.1 (s, 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 6.87 (d, 1H), 6.3 (d, 1H), 5.92 (m,1H), 5.1 (m, 2H), 4.77 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 2.35 (d, 1H) 2.28 (s, 6H),2.15 (d, 1H), 1.77 (s, 3H), 1.2-1.6 (br m, 6H), 1.05 (s, 3H), 1.03 (s,3H), 0.94 (t, 3H).

1.4 Preparation of RG-115877

RG-115878 (240 mg) was hydrogenated in a Parr shaker in methanol underan atmosphere of H₂ using palladium on charcoal catalyst.3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-pentyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazidewas isolated as a white solid: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.07 (m,3H [NH]), 7.00 (m, 2H), 6.83 (d, 1H), 6.29 (d, 1H), 4.73 (d, 1H), 3.79(s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 6H), 1.78 (s, 3H), 1.58 (br, 4H), 1.38 (br, 6H), 1.03(m, 6H), 0.96 (m, 6H).

1.5 Preparation of RG-115855

1.84 g (100 mmol) of 2,2,5,6,6-pentamethylheptene-3-one (LancasterSynthesis) was weighed into a 200 mL round bottom flask. 1.80 (10 mmol)of 2-methyl-3-methoxybenzoylhydrazine, 50 mL of ethanol and 20 drops ofglacial acetic acid were added. The reaction was refluxed with stirringfor 24 hours. The product hydrazone was not isolated but subjecteddirectly to reduction.

To the 3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoic acidN′-(1-tert-butyl-3,4,4-trimethyl-pent-2-enyl)-hydrazide reaction mixturewas added 3 mL of glacial acetic acid and 950 mg (14.5 mmol) of 95%sodium cyanoborohydride, and the reaction was stirred overnight at momtemperature. Most of the ethanol was evaporated, and 50 mL of water wereadded, and the mixture was basified to pH 14 with 10% NaOH. Theremainder of the ethanol was evaporated, and the product was extractedwith chloroform. TLC of the residue indicated the presence of theintended product hydrazide (Rf=0.55, 1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane), startinghydrazide (Rf=0.08), and several minor products. Pure hydrazide wasobtained after gradient (ethyl acetate/hexane) silica gelchromatography; the product eluted with 20% ethyl acetate in hexane.Concentration in vacuo yielded 515 mg of white crystalline3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoic acidN′-(1-tert-butyl-3,4,4-trimethyl-pent-2-enyl)-hydrazide (15% yield). ¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.2 (t, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H [NH]), 6.88 (d,1H), 5.24 (d, 1H), 5.2 (br s, 1H), 3.83 (, 3H), 3.63 (d, 1H), 2.26 (s,3H), 1.69 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.99 (s, 9H).

219 mg (0.63 mmol) of 3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoic acidN′-(1-tert-butyl-3,4,4-trimethyl-pent-2-enyl)-hydrazide, 230 mg (1.36mmol) of 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl chloride, 7 mL of an aqueous 25% K₂CO₃solution, and 7 mL of CH₂Cl₂ were added to a 20 mL vial. The reactionwas stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The mixture wastransferred to a separatory funnel with CH₂Cl₂, and 45 mL of 17% aqueousK₂CO₃ were added. The CH₂Cl₂ layer was separated, the aqueous layerextracted with 2×50 mL portions of CH₂Cl₂. The Organic layers werecombined, dried, and concentrated to dryness in vacuo to yield 0.53 gresidue. Rf=0.67 (1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane). The residue waschromatographed on silica gel using an ethyl acetate/hexane gradient andthe desired product was eluted with 10-11% ethyl acetate in hexane toyield 0.21 g of pure 3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoic acidN′-(1-tert-butyl-3,4,4-trimethyl-pent-2-enyl)-N′-(3,5-dimethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide.¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.2 (1H, [NH]), 7.12 (m, 1H), 7.1 (brs, 2H), 6.95 (a, 1H), 6.85 (d, 1H), 6.6 (d, 1H), 5.55 (d, 1H), 5.45 (d,1H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 2.3 (s, 6H), 1.95 (s 3H), 1.6 (s 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H),1.02 (s 9H).

1.6 Preparation of RG-115860

Tert-butyl-cyanomethtylketone (1.75 g, 14 mmol, Lancater Synthesis) and2-methyl-3-methoxybenzoylhydrazide (2.52 g, 14 mmol) were added to 20 mLof methanol acidified with 20 drops of glacial acetic acid. The reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Solvent was removedin vacuo, the residue was redissolved in CH₂Cl₂, and the resultantmixture was extracted with aqueous K₂CO₃. The organic layer was driedand solvent was removed in vacuo. Column chromatography on silica gel,eluting with a 10-35% ethyl acetate/hexane gradient, provided 0.69 g ofpurified 3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoic acidN′(1-tert-butyl-2-cyano-vinyl)-hydrazide, as well as a comparablequantity of somewhat less pure material, TLC: Rf=0.56 (1:1 ethylacetate:hexane). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.18 (t, 1H), 7.07 (d,1H), 6.91 (d, 1H), 5.56 (br s, 2H [NH]), 5.27 (s, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H),2.13 (s, 3H), 1.145 (s, 9H).

340 mg (1.18 mmol) of 3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoic acidN′-(1-tert-butyl-2-cyano-vinyl)-hydrazide, 290 mg (1.7 mmol) of3,5-dimethylbenzoyl chloride, 3 mL of an aqueous 25% K₂CO₃ solution, and5 mL of CH₂Cl₂ were stirred at room temperature for 2 days. The mixturewas diluted with water and CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was separated, andthe aqueous layer extracted with additional CH₂Cl₂. The organic layerswere combined, dried, and concentrated to dryness in vacuo to yield 0.72g semi-solid. Rf=0.69 (1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane, major impurity atRf=0.63). The residue was chromatographed on silica gel using a 2-20%ethyl acetate/hexane gradient and the desired product was eluted with 4%ethyl acetate in hexane to yield 106 mg of purified3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoic acidN′-(1-tert-butyl-2-cyano-vinyl)-N′-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl) hydrazide. ¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.57 (s, 2H), 7.25 (t, 1H), 7.2 (s, 1H),7.1 (d, 1H [C══CH]), 7.02 (s, 1H), 6.99 (d, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 2.4 (s,6H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.24 (s, 9H).

1.7 Preparation of RG-115790

To a round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer and a nitrogeninlet was added piperonylic acid (50.0 g, 301 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran(753 mL). This was cooled to −75° C. in a dry ice-acetone bath.N-Butyllithium (1.6 M in hexanes) (414 mL, 662 mmol) was added dropwisemaintaining the temperature of the reaction at or below −65° C. When theaddition was complete the cooling bath was removed and the reaction wasallowed to warm to −20° C. The reaction was returned to the bath andcooled to at least −60° C. at which time iodomethane (37.5 mL, 602 mmol)was added dropwise. Cooling was removed and the reaction allowed to warmto 10° C. at which time the reaction was placed in an ice bath andstirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction was quenched by additionof 1N HCl and the tetrahydrofuran removed by evaporation. The residuewas slurried in 1N HCl and filtered. The filtrate was washed with water,and dried at 50-60° C. in vacuo to give a pale yellow solid,4-methyl-benzo[1.3]dioxole-5-carboxylic acid (52.8 g, 293 mmol) in 97%yield. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ (ppm): 2.44 (s, 3H), 6.10 (s, 2H),6.77 (d, 1H), 7.64 (d, 1H). TLC Rf=0.54 (1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane,piperonylic acid=0.41).

Notes: Overhead stirring, as opposed to magnetic, is necessary as thecarboxylate salt forms a heavy precipitate. Addition of the firstequivalent of butyllithium is rather exothermic (deprotonation of thecarboxylic acid). The rate of butyllithium addition can be substantiallyincreased for the second equivalent. Reaction temperatures of −60° C. orhigher prior to completion of the butyllithium addition result information of butylketone in increasing amounts. The addition ofiodomethane is exothermic, with a kick off temperature of approximately−10 to 0° C. at which point a temperature increase of 10-15° C. occurs.

To a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring, an additionfunnel and a nitrogen inlet, was added benzo(1,4)dioxan-6-carboxylicacid (18.00 g, 99.91 mmol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (667 mL). Thismixture was cooled to −75° C. in a dry ice-acetone bath. To this wasadded 1.3 M sec-butyl lithium in cyclohexane (230.6 mL, 299.7 mmol) over1 hour, maintaining reaction temperature below −60° C. The reaction wasremoved from the cooling bath, allowed to warm to −20° C., andsubsequently stirred at −20° C. for 45 min. The reaction was cooled to−50° C., and iodomethane (15.6 mL, 249.8 mmol) was added. The reactionwas again removed from the cooling bath, allowed to warm to −20° C., andstirred at this temperature for 45 min. All cooling was removed and thereaction stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction wasquenched by addition of a few mls of 1N HCl (aq) and the solvent removedby evaporation. The residue was made substantially acidic by theaddition of aqueous 1N HCl. The resultant precipitate was filtered andwashed with water to give a light brown solid,5-methyl-benzo(1,4)dioxan-6-carboxylic acid, (0.60 g, 33.9 mmol) in 34%yield. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.62 (d, 1H), 6.8 (d, 1H), 4.30(br s, 4H), 2.52 (s, 3H).

To a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring, a 25% NaOH gastrap, and a nitrogen inlet was added 2-methylpiperonylic acid (26.0 g,144 mmol) and methylene chloride (482 mL). To this was added the borontrichloride solution. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3hours. The reaction was quenched by the careful addition of 500 mL ofwater. CAUTION: this step causes foaming and generates large amounts ofHCl. The reaction was stirred for 30 min. The layers were separated, theTLC of the organic layer was checked to confirm the absence of productand the organic layer was subsequently discarded. The aqueous layer wasextracted 3 times with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were washedonce with water, once with saturated NaCl solution, dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered, and evaporated to give a tan solid,3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylbenzoic acid, (20.0 g, 119 mmol) in 82% yield.Note: BCl₃ in heptane has been used as well with equal success. ¹H-NMR(300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ (ppm): 2.51 (s, 3H), 6.76 (d, 1H), 7.45(overlapping s+d, 1H+1H), 9.06 (s, 1H), TLC Rf=0.20 (1:1 ethylacetate/hexane).

To a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring and a refluxcondenser was added 3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylbenzoic acid (23.3 g, 139mmol), methanol (139 mL), and concentrated sulfuric acid (0.77 mL, 13.9mmol). This mixture was heated to reflux for 18 hours. The reaction wascooled to room temperature and the methanol evaporated. The residue wastaken up in ether and washed once with saturated sodium bicarbonatesolution, once with saturated sodium chloride solution, dried oversodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to give a brown solid,methyl-3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylbenzoate, (20.9 g, 114 mmol) in 83% yield.¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ (ppm): 2.47 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 6.78 (d,1H), 7.46 (d, 1H); TLC: Rf=0.54 (1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane).

To a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring and a nitrogeninlet was added methyl 3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylbenzoate (24.0 g, 132mmol), (2R)-(−)-glycidyl tosylate (30.1 g, 132 mmol), potassiumcarbonate (21.8 g, 158 mmol), and DMF (264 mL). This mixture was heatedto 60° C. for 5 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature,diluted with ether, and washed once with water. The aqueous wash wasback extracted once with ether and the ethereal solutions combined.These organic solutions were then washed 3 times with saturated sodiumchloride solution, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporatedto give a brown oil. This oil was chromatographed on silica gel elutingwith 25% ether in hexanes to give a yellow oil, 3-hydroxymethyl-5methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylic acid methyl ester,(24.6 g, 103 mmol) in 78% yield. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ (ppm):2.42 (s, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 4.12 (dd, 1H), 4.23 (m, 2H),4.42 (dd, 1H), 6.75 (d, 1H), 7.42 (d, 1H); TLC Rf=0.40 (1:1 ethylacetate/hexane).

Notes: (a) (2S)-(+)-Glycidyl tosylate can be used under identicalconditions to give the opposite stereochemistry, (b) Formation of aMosher's ester of this compound indicates the presence of a single regioand stereoisomer by ¹⁹F NMR, (c) X-ray crystal structure determinationof the amide formed from (R)-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine confirmed theindicated regio and stereochemistry for the product3-hydroxymethylbenzodioxan. Delgado, A.; Leclerc, G.; Lobato, C.;Mauleon, D. Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29(30), 3671.

To a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring and a nitrogeninlet was added3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylic acidmethyl ester (0.10 g, 0.44 mmol) and dry methylene chloride (1.5 mL).The mixture was cooled in an ice bath and triethylamine (0.12 mL, 0.87mmol) was added followed by(R)-(−)-α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethylphenylacetyl chloride (0.09 mL, 0.48mmol). The mixture was stirred for 2 hours at which point TLC showed thereaction to be incomplete. More(R)-(−)-α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethylphenylacetyl chloride (0.09 mL, 0.48mmol) was added and the reaction was allowed to stir 1 hour at roomtemperature. The mixture was diluted with methylene chloride, washedonce with 1N HCl, once with saturated sodium bicarbonate, dried overmagnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The residue waschromatographed on silica gel eluting with methylene chloride to give aclear oil, 5-methyl3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-propionyloxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylicacid methyl ester, for which a yield was not determined. ¹H-NMR (300MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ (ppm): 2.38 (s, 3H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 4.10(m, 1H), 4.48 (dd, 1H), 4.65 (m, 2H), 4.86 (m, 1H) 6.78 (d, 1H) 7.47 (m,5H), 7.60 (d, 1H); ¹⁹F-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ (ppm): −72.89 (s); both¹H- and ¹⁹F-NMR indicate the presence of only one stereo- andregioisomer; TLC: Rf=0.62 (1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane).

To a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring was added3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylic acidmethyl ester (6.40 g, 26.9 mmol), barium hydroxide monohydrate (25.44 g,134.3 mmol), and methanol (108 mL). This mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 24 hours. The methanol was evaporated. The resultingslurry was taken up in water and washed once with ether. The aqueouslayer was acidified by pouring into iced concentrated HCl. This wasextracted twice with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extracts werecombined, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to givea yellow solid,3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-caboxylic acid,(4.82 g, 21.5 mmol) in 80% yield. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ (ppm):2.45 (s, 3H), 3.85 (m, 2H), 4.12 (m, 1H), 4.24 (m, 1H), 4.41 (m, 1H),6.76 (d, 1H), 7.51 (d, 1H); TLC: Rf=0.32 (1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane).

To a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring and a nitrogeninlet was added3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylic acid(2.00 g, 8.92 mmol), THF (45 mL), (R)-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (2.23mL, 8.92 mmol), and finally1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) (1.53g, 9.81 mmol). This mixture was stirred at room temperature for 36hours. A few drops of water were added and the mixture stirred for 5minutes. The reaction was diluted with ether and washed once with 1NHCl, once with saturated sodium bicarbonate(aq), once again with 1N HCl,dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to provide3-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylic acid(1-naphthalen-1-yl-ethyl)-amide. Crystals of acceptable purity for x-raycrystallography were obtained by subliming the material twice undervacuum at 60° C. This x-ray analysis established the regiochemistry andthe absolute stereochemistry of the compounds as shown, since theconfiguration of the naphthylethylamine stereocenter is known and notsubject to racemization under the conditions of synthesis. ¹H NMR (300MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ (ppm): 1.71 (d, 3H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 3.80 (m, 2H), 4.06(m, 1H), 4.23 (m, 2H), 4.32 (m, 1H), 6.09 (m, 1H), 6.65 (d, 1H), 6.87(d, 1H), 7.55 (m, 3H), 7.69 (m, 2H), 7.83 (d, 1H), 7.94 (d, 1H), 8.35(d, 1H); TLC Rf=0.12 (1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane).

RG-119097

Crystal Data for: MSC01712 (RG-119097) Date of Entry: Sep. 20, 2001Reference: Unpublished Synthesis: RHeoGene Crystallography by: J. C.Huffman (huffman@indiana.edu) Compound Name: not known Formula:C23H23N4O Empirical Formula: C23H23N4O Color of Crystal: ColorlessCrystal System: Monoclinic Space Group: P 21 Cell Dimensions: (at −161.C; 3421 peaks)   a =  11.9081(18)   b =  4.8854(7)   c =  16.3819(25)  alpha =  90.00(0)   beta =  97.758(4)   gamma =  90.00(0)  Z(Molecules/Cell):  2  Volume: 944.31  Calculated Density:  1.327 Molecular Weight: 377.44  Linear Absorption Coefficient:  0.906  FinalResiduals are:   R(F) =   .062   Rw(F) =   .050

C(1) 12796(3)  9729* 835(3) 22 C(2) 11822(3)  8046(11) 622(3) 24 C(3)11171(4)  8270(12) −122(3)  31 C(4) 11442(4)  10186(11)  −712(3)  33C(5) 12366(4)  11786(12)  −544(3)  35 C(6) 13084(3)  11594(12)  238(3)28 C(7) 14062(4)  13263(11)  419(3) 33 C(8) 14737(4)  13001(11) 1149(3)  32 C(9) 14460(3)  11138(11)  1749(3)  27 C(10) 13510(3) 9560(10) 1616(2)  20 C(11) 13203(3)  7583(11) 2258(2)  21 C(12)14097(3)  7159(13) 2994(3)  30 N(13) 12130(2)  8376(10) 2530(2)  18C(14) 11390(3)  6516(11) 2737(2)  21 O(15) 11632(2)  4097(9)  2774(2) 34 C(16) 10259(3)  7575(10) 2900(2)  18 C(17) 9704(3) 9513(11) 2367(2) 22 C(18) 8643(3) 10491(11)  2469(2)  23 C(19) 8117(3) 9439(10) 3115(2) 20 O(20) 7068(2) 10502(9)  3208(2)  26 C(21) 6810(3) 10089(11)  4020(3) 25 C(22) 6986(3) 7197(11) 4283(2)  24 C(23) 6706(3) 6660(12) 5139(2)  22O(24) 5518(2) 6959(9)  5166(2)  26 O(25) 8150(2) 6406(9)  4280(2)  20C(26) 8647(3) 7491(10) 3634(2)  18 C(27) 9726(3) 6479(11) 3539(2)  18C(28) 10270(4)  4441(12) 4154(3)  22 H(36) 1306(3) 557(7) 201(2) 15(7) H(45)  641(3) 577(8) 388(2) 33(10) H(29) 1168(3) 636(9)  96(3) 35(10)H(30) 1045(3) 727(8) −22(2) 34(10) H(31) 1095(3) 1040(8)  −121(3) 27(9)  H(32) 1264(3) 1319(9)  −89(3) 39(10) H(33) 1417(3) 1460(9)   1(3)37(10) H(34) 1547(3) 1404(8)  132(2) 27(9)  H(35) 1499(4) 1049(12)220(3) 71(16) H(37) 1488(3) 652(8) 277(3) 32(9)  H(38) 1424(3) 896(9)326(3) 37(11) H(39) 1388(3) 843(8) 334(2) 28(9)  H(40) 1187(3) 995(7)242(2) 5(7) H(41) 1010(3) 1024(9)  200(3) 34(10) H(42)  824(3) 1205(8) 209(2) 23(8)  H(43)  738(3) 1156(9)  439(2) 33(9)  H(44)  601(2)1061(6)  404(2) 5(6) H(46)  699(4)  820(11) 549(3) 52(12) H(47)  702(3)480(8) 538(2) 20(8)  H(48)  509(4)  508(10) 512(3) 41(11) H(49)  970(5) 414(13) 455(5) 100(21)  H(50) 1010(3)  274(10) 398(3) 32(10) H(51)1099(3) 470(8) 420(2) 26(9) 

To a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring and a nitrogeninlet was added3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylic acid(1.40 g, 6.24 mmol), THF (32 mL), and t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride(5.65 g, 18.73 mmol). This mixture was stirred at room temperature for30 min. Imidazole (1.87 g, 27.47 mmol) was added and the reactionmixture stirred for another 30 min. The mixture was diluted with hexaneand washed once with 1N HCl, once with brine, dried over magnesiumsulfate and evaporated to give a yellow oil. This was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel, 5% ether/hexane) to give a yellow oil,3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylicacid tert-butyldimethylsilyl ester, (1.26 g, 2.78 mmol) in 45% yield.¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ (ppm): 0.10 (d, 6H), 0.33 (s, 6H), 0.90 (s,9H), 0.99 (s, 9H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 3.95 (m, 2H), 4.13 (m, 1H), 4.26 (m,1H), 4.40 (dd, 1H), 6.75 (d, 1H), 7.51 (d, 1H); TLC: Rf=0.87 (1:1 ethylacetate/hexane).

To a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring and a nitrogeninlet was added the starting material (1.40 g, 3.09 mmol), methanol (16mL), and 25% potassium carbonate (aqueous) (5 mL). This mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The methanol was evaporated andethyl acetate added to the residue. The mix was acidified with 1N HCland the layers separated. The aqueous layer was extracted once more withethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate layers were washed once withbrine, dried over magnesium sulfate, and evaporated to give a yellowsolid,3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylicacid tert-butyldimethylsilyl ester, (0.93 g, 2.75 mmol) in 89% yield.¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ (ppm): 0.10 (s, 6H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 1.94 (s,3H), 3.95 (m, 2H), 4.13 (m, 1H), 4.26 (m, 1H), 4.40 (dd, 1H), 6.75 (d,1H), 7.51 (d, 1H); TLC Rf=0.62 (1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane).

To a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring and a nitrogeninlet was added 3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylbenzoic acid (23.0 g, 137 mmol),benzyl alcohol (21.2 mL, 205 mmol), and THF (274 mL). To this stirredmixture was added 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimidehydrochloride (EDC) (30.2 g, 1.57 mmol). This mixture was stirred atroom temperature 36 hours. A few milliliters of water were added and themixture was stifled lot 10 min whereupon the THF was evaporated. Theresidue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 1N HCl. The layerswere separated and the aqueous layer extracted twice with ethyl acetate.The combined organic extracts were washed once with saturated sodiumbicarbonate solution, once with 1N HCl, and once with brine. The organicsolution was then dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated.The resulting oil was triturated with 50% methylene chloride in hexanesfrom which a tan solid was filtered in 43% yield, benzyl3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylbenzoate (15.2 g, 59 mmol). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz,CD₃COCD₃) δ (ppm): 2.49) (s, 3H), 5.29 (s, 2H), 6.78 (d, 1H), 7.43 (m,6H); TLC: Rf=0.49 (1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane).

Into a 500 mL round bottom flask, were added 25.21 g (97.71 mmol) benzyl3,4-dihydroxyl-2-methylbenzoate, 22.28 g (97.71 mmol) of(2R)-(−)-glycidyl tosylate, 16.56 g (120 mmol) K₂CO₃, and 200 mL DMF.The reaction mixture was stirred at 65° C. in an oil bath for 5 hours.The reaction was allowed to cool, diluted with water (750 mL), andextracted with ether (3×300 mL). The ether phase was back-extracted with100 mL water, and the combined organic phases were dried and evaporatedto yield 31.1 g oil. TLC indicated completeness of the reaction: Rf=0.36(1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane). Column chromatography using a gradient of10-50% ethyl acetate in hexane provided 23.0 g pure3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylic acidbenzyl ester (80% yield). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ (ppm): 7.4 (m, 6H),6.75 (d, 1H), 5.28 (s, 2H), 4.4 (d, 1H), 4.2 (m, 1H), 4.1 (dd, 1H), 3.8(m, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H).

23 g (78.2 mmol) of3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylic acidbenzyl ester was dissolved in 300 mL dry THF. While stirring, 18.08 gt-butyldimethylsilyl chloride and 10.2 g imidazole were added. Themixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, during which time awhite precipitate, imidazole-HCl developed. Monitoring by TLC (1:1 ethylacetate:hexane) demonstrated progress of the reaction. The whiteprecipitate was filtered off, and the remaining THF solution wasconcentrated on a rotary evaporator. The residue was redissolved in 300mL CH₂Cl₂, and extracted with 300 mL water. The CH₂Cl₂ extract was driedand solvent was removed in vacuo to yield 26.55 of the silyl etherproduct, TLC: Rf=0.7 (1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane); crude yield=83%. Theproduct was redissolved in 150 mL hexane and chromatographed by silicagel column chromatography, eluting with hexane, followed by 2% ethylacetate in hexane. 21.28 g pure3-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylicacid benzyl ester was recovered (67% yield). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ(ppm): 7.45 (d, 1H), 7.3 (m, 6H), 6.65 (d, 1H), 4.27 (d, 1H), 4.12 (m,1H), 4.05 (dd, 1H), 4.85 (dd, 1H), 4.75 (dd, 1H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 0.81 (s,9H), 0.01 (s, 3H).

9.63 g or3-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylicacid benzyl ester was dissolved in ca. 125 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂. Thesolution was transferred to a Parr hydrogenation bottle, and 5 g of 5%Pd on carbon were added. The bottle was charged with hydrogen and shakenon a Parr hydrogenation apparatus for 3 hours; hydrogen uptake ceasedafter 2 hours, as indicated by pressure monitoring. 100 mL CHCl₃ wereadded, and the Pd/C was filtered off after adding MgSO₄ as an aid toincrease particle size. The CH₂Cl₂—CHCl₃ phase was washed with 200 mL of0.1N HCl to remove the by-product benzyl alcohol. The organic layer wasdried and evaporated to give 6.47 g3-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylicacid, alter truce solvent removal in a vacuum oven. TLC Rf=0.35 (1:1ethyl acetate:hexane). Note: (a) Pd catalyzed hydrogenation is a farsuperior method to triethylsilane/palladium diacetate for this benzylester cleavage, (b) washing product with weak aqueous acid is a good wayto remove benzyl alcohol. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.55 (d, 1H),6.7 (d, 1H), 4.3 (d, 1H), 4.17 (m, 1H), 4.02 (dd, 1H), 3.82 (dd, 1H),3.75 (dd, 1H), (2.45 (s, 3H), 0.8 (s, 9H), 0.01 (s, 3H).

To a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring and a nitrogeninlet was added3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylicacid (0.72 g, 2.13 mmol) and ethyl acetate (11 mL). To this was addedpentafluorophenol (0.82 g, 2.23 mmol) followed by 1 Mdicyclohexylcarbodiimide in methylene chloride (2.34 mL, 2.34 mmol).This mixture was stirred at room temperature for four hours. A fewmilliliters of water were added and stirring continued for 10 min. Thereaction was filtered, diluted with ethyl acetate, washed once with 1 NHCl, once with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, once withsaturated sodium chloride, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered andevaporated to give an oil. This oil was flash chromatographed on silicagel eluting with hexanes to give a clear colorless oil,3-(tert-butyldimethylsilytoxymethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylicacid pentafluorophenyl ester, (0.9 g, 1.78 mmol) in 84% yield. ¹H-NMR(300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 0.10 (s, 6H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 3.90(m, 2H), 4.14 (m, 1H), 4.24 (m, 1H), 4.40 (m, 1H), 6.83, (d, 1H), 7.86,(d, 1H); TLC Rf=0.88 (1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane).

To a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring was added ethylacetate (5 mL) and 25 wt % aqueous potassium carbonate solution (2.96 g,5.35 mmol). To this was added t-butylhydrazine hydrochloride (0.33 g,2.68 mmol) followed by3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylicacid pentafluorophenyl ester (0.90 g, 1.78 mmol) dissolved in ethylacetate (4 mL). This mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18hours. The phases were separated and the organic phase washed once withwater, once with 10% NaOH (aq), once with 1 N HCl, and once withsaturated aqueous sodium chloride. The solution was dried over magnesiumsulfate, filtered, and evaporated to give a white solid. This materialwas triturated with hexane to give a white solid,3-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylicacid N′-tert-butyl-hydrazide, (0.50 g, 1.22 mmol) in 69% yield. ¹H-NMR(300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ (ppm): 0.12 (s, 6H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 1.53 (s, 9H),2.32 (s, 3H), 3.97 (m, 2H), 4.14 (m, 1H), 4.28 (m, 1H), 4.43 (m, 1H),6.79 (d, 1H), 7.22 (d, 1H); TLC Rf=0.43 (1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane).

Tert-butyl, ethylketone (5 g) was mixed with tert-butylcarbazate (6.4 g,1.1 eq.) in 30 mL of methanol with 3 drops of acetic acid at roomtemperature. A solid formed within one hour; more methanol was added,and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for three days toproduce N′-(1-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-propylidene)-hydrazinecarboxylic acidtert-butyl ester. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ (ppm): 7.5 (br, 1H), 2.23(q, 2H)), 1.51 (s, 9H), 1.15 (s, 9H), 1.1 (t, 3H).

Approximately 10.3 gN′-(1-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-propylidene)-hydrazinecarboxylic acidtert-butyl ester was mixed with 4.14 g (3.9 mmol) 10% Pd/C in CH₂Cl₂under an atmosphere of hydrogen in a Pan shaker for four hours. Thereaction was monitored by TLC (I₂ indicator), and the crude product wastwice chromatographed using 10% ether in hexane to yieldN′-(1-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-propyl)-hydrazinecarboxylic acid tert-butylester. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ (ppm): 6.05 (br, 1H), 3.9 (br, 1H)),2.45 (m, 1H), 1.6 (m, 1H), 1.5 (s, 9H), 1.25 (m, 1H), 1.1 (t, 3H), 0.92(s, 9H).

N′-(1-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-propyl)-hydrazinecarboxylic acid tert-butylester (1.31 g, 5.68 mmol) dissolved in ethyl acetate was mixed with 15mL trifluoroacetic acid in an ice bath, and stirred at room temperatureovernight. The reaction mixture was chilled again, and 40 mL cold waterwas added, resulting in formation of a new oily phase containing(1-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-propyl)-hydrazine. 10% NaOH (ca. 60 mL) was thenadded until the mixture remained basic. This ethyl acetate/aqueousmixture was used “as is” in coupling with a pentafluorophenyl ester.

To the biphasic preparation of (1-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-propyl)-hydrazinedescribed above, was added a solution of approximately one gram3(S)-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylicacid pentafluorophenyl ester dissolved in 10 mL ethyl acetate. Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, after which timethe aqueous phase was withdrawn and replaced with 1 M K₂CO₃. The mixturewas stirred overnight. The aqueous layer was separated off, and theorganic layer was extracted once with 1 M K₂CO₃ and then once withwater. The organic phase was dried. The crude product waschromatographed on silica gel using a step gradient of 10% ether inhexane followed by neat ether, yielding3(S)-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylicacid N′-(1-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-propyl)-hydrazide. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃)δ (ppm): 7.15 (br, 1H), 6.85 (d, 1H), 6.73 (d, 1H), 4.85 (br, 1H), 4.3(d, 1H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 4.1 (dd, 1H), 3.87 (m, 2H), 2.41 (m, 1H), 2.29(s, 3H), 1.8 (br, 1H); 1.65 (m, 1H), 1.3 (m, 1H), 1.45 (t, 3H), 0.98 (s,9H); TLC: Rf.=0.23 (1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane).

To a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring was added ethylacetate (7 mL), 25 wt % aqueous potassium carbonate solution (2.03 g,3.67 mmol), and3-(tert-butyldimethyl-silyloxymethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylicacid N′-tert-butyl hydrazide (0.50 g, 1.22 mmol). To this was added3,5-dimethylbenzoyl chloride (0.31 g, 1.84 mmol). Stirring was continuedfor 18 hours. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and the phasesseparated. The organic phase was washed once with water, once withsaturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over magnesium sulfate,filtered and evaporated. The residue was flash chromatographed on silicagel eluting with 20% ether/hexane, then 50% ether/hexane to give a whitesolid, 3,5-dimethylbenzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′-[3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl]-hydrazide,(0.50 g, 0.92 mmol) in 76% yield. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ (ppm):0.10 (s, 6H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 1.59 (s, 9H), 1.89 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 6H),3.92 (m, 2H), 4.05 (m, 1H), 4.22 (m, 1H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 6.33 (d, 1H),6.56 (d, 1H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 7.13 (s, 2H), 9.49 (s, 1H); TLC: Rf=0.30(1:1 ether/hexane).

1.8 Preparation of RG-115789

To a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring was added3,5-dimethylbenzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′-[3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl]-hydrazide(0.26 g, 0.48 mmol), THF (5.0 mL), and 1 M solution ortetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) in THF (1.39 mL, 1.39 mmol). Themixture was stirred at room temperature for three hours. The THF wasevaporated and the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate. This solutionwas washed once with water, once with saturated aqueous sodium chloridesolution, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated. Theresidue was triturated with hexane to give a white solid,3,5-dimethylbenzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′-(3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl)-hydrazide,(0.205 g, 0.48 mmol) in 100% yield. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ (ppm):1.59 (s, 9H), 1.89 (d, 3H), 2.25 (s, 6H), 3.79 (m, 2H), 4.04 (m, 1H),4.18 (m, 1H), 4.33 (m, 1H), 6.33 (dd, 1H), 6.56 (dd, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H),7.12 (s, 2H), 9.51 (s, 1H); TLC Rf=0.03 (ether/hexane).

1.9 Preparation of RG-115812

In a 50 ml round bottom flask, 1.00 g (2.35 mm) of 3,5-dimethylbenzoicacidN-tert-butyl-N′-(3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl)-hydrazidewas dissolved in 10 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and 8.0 g of commercially availableDess-Martin reagent were added. The reaction was stirred at roomtemperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was transferred to aseparatory funnel with CH₂Cl₂ and extracted with dilute aqueous NaHCO₃,then with dilute sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃) to quench the oxidizingagent. The organic phrase was dried with M₃SO₄ and evaporated todryness, to yield 1.32 g of product. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm):9.70 (s, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, 2H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 6.6 (m, 1H)6.1-6.2 (q, 1H), 4.6 (d, 2H), 4-4.3 (m, 3H), 2.27 (s, 6H), 2.02-2.06 (d,3H), 1.60 (s, 9H); TLC Rf=0.13 (1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane).

1.10 Preparation of RG-115814

To a 100 mL round bottom flask, containing 100 mg (0.24 mm) of3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′-(3-formyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl)-hydrazide,added 0.50 g of triethylamine, 70 mg (1 mm) of hydroxylaminehydrochloride and 25 mL of methanol. The reaction mixture was refluxedfor 1 hour. The methanol was removed on a rotary evaporator and theresidue was dissolved with chloroform and dilute HCl and transferred toa separatory funnel. The chloroform extract was dried and evaporated todryness. The residue was chromatographed on silica and the producteluted with 40% ethyl acetate in hexane. Evaporation of solvent yielded85 mg of 3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′-[3-(hydroxyimino-methyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl]-hydrazide.¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.7 (s, 1H), 7.4 (d, 1H), 7.05 (s, 2H),6.95 (s, 1H), 6.55 (d, 1H), 6.15 (m, 1H), 4.8 (m, 1H), 4.0-4.4 (m, 4H),2.248 (s, 6H), 1.915 (s, 3H) 1.574 (s, 9H); TLC: Rf=0.40 (1:1 ethylacetate:hexane).

1.11 Preparation of RG-115813

Into a 100 mL round bottom flask, added 1.00 g (2.35 mm) of3,5-dimethylbenzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′-(3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl)-hydrazide,538 mg (2.82 mm) of tosyl chloride, and 10 mL of pyridine. The reactionmixture was heated and stirred in a 50-60° C. water bath for 3 hours,then stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture wasdissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and first extracted with dilute K₂CO₃, then withdilute HCl (to remove pyridine). The CH₂Cl₂ extract was dried andconcentrated to yield about 1.4 g of material. TLC (1:1 ethylacetate:hexane) gave an Rf of 0.35 for the major compound. The productwas purified by column chromatography on silica, eluting with 45% ethylacetate in hexane to give about 1.1 g of pure toluene-4-sulfonic acid7-[N′-tert-butyl-N′-(3,5-dimethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazinocarbonyl]-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-2-ylmethylester. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.8 ppms (d, 1H), 7.55 (br s,1H), 7.36 (d, 1H), 7.05 (s, 2H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 6.5 (m, 1H) 6.1 (q, 1H),4.0-4.4 (m, 5H) 2.45 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 6H), 1.85 (d, 3H), 1.58 (s, 9H).

1.12 Preparation of RG-115816

300 mg (0.52 mm) of toluene-4-sulfonic acid7-[N′-tert-butyl-N′-(3,5-dimethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazinocarbonyl]-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-2-ylmethylester, 100 mg of KCN, 10 mg of KI, 12 mL of CH₃CN, and 4 mL of DMF wererefluxed for 5 hours. The reaction product was concentrated on a rotaryevaporator. The reaction product was transferred with ethyl ether andwater to a separatory funnel and twice extracted with ether. The etherextract was extracted with water, dried and concentrated to give 0.17 gof a white solid. TLC (1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane) indicated that theproduct nitrile had a Rf of 0.27. 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′-(3-cyanomethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl)-hydrazidewas purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with 45% ethylacetate in hexane. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.05(s, 2H), 6.95 (s, 1H) 6.60 (d, 1H), 6.1-6.2 (m, 1H), 4.0-4.4 (m, 3H),2.78 (d, 2H), 2.25 (s, 6H), 1.93 (d, 3H), 1.57 (s, 9H).

1.13 Preparation of RG-115815

250 mg (0.43 mm) of toluene-4-sulfonic acid7[N′-tert-butyl-N′-(3,5-dimethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazinocarbonyl]8-methy-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-2-ylmethylester, 2 mL of 1 M solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) in THFand 15 mL of THF were refluxed for 4 hours. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated and re-dissolved with CH₂Cl₂. The CH₂Cl₂ extract was washedwith dilute sodium bicarbonate, dried and concentrated to yield 0.37 gof product. TLC in 1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane gave a Rf. of 0.48 for themajor component. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel,eluting with 26% ethyl acetate in hexane yielded 3,5-dimethyl-benzoicacidN-tert-butyl-N′-(3-fluoromethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl)-hydrazide(about 0.25 g). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.80 ppms (s, 1H), 7.02(s, 2H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 6.5 (d, 1H), 6.1 (t, 1H), 4.70 (d, 1H), 4.5 (d,1H), 4-4.3 (m, 3H), 2.24 (s, 6H) 1.93 (d, 3H), 1.56 (s, 9H).

1.14 Preparation of RG-115817

400 mg (0.69 mm) of toluene-4-sulfonic acid7-[N′-tert-butyl-N′-(3,5-dimethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazinocarbonyl]-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-2-ylmethylester, 147 mg (2.1 mm) of CH₃SNa, and 15 mL of CH₃CN were stirred atroom temperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated todryness and re-dissolved with CH₂Cl₂. The CH₂Cl₂ extract was washed withdilute aqueous NaHCO₃, dried, and concentrated to give 0.26 g ofproduct. TLC indicated a mixture, with a major compound at Rf=0.52 (1:1ethyl acetate:hexane). Purification by column chromatography on silicagave the desired product, 3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′-(5-methyl-3-methylsulfanylmethyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl)-hydrazide,eluted with 24% ethyl acetate in hexane (0.18 g). ¹H NMR: (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, 2H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 6.6 (d, 1H),6.1 (q, 1H), 4.0-4.3 (m, 3H), 2.7-2.9 (m, 2H), 2.27 (s, 6H), 2.21 (s,3H), 1.97 (d, 3H), 1.59 (s, 9H).

1.15 Preparation of RG-115818

125 mg (0.27 mm) of 3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′(5-methyl-3-methylsulfanylmethyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl)-hydrazidewere dissolved in 6 mL of CH₃OH. With stirring, 250 mg (0.4 mm) of oxonein 6 mL of water were added, letting stir subsequently for 30 minutes.Methanol was removed on a rotary evaporator, the residue was redissolvedin CHCl₃ and water. The aqueous phase was extracted with chloroform,which was then dried and concentrated to yield 130 mg of a white solid.TLC (1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane) showed an Rf of 0.12 for the majorproduct, 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′-(3-methanesulfonyl-methyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl)-hydrazide,which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with80% ethyl acetate in hexane. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.55 (d,1H), 7.02 (s, 2H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.6 (d, 1H), 6.0-6.1 (m, 1H), 4.0-4.5(m, 3H), 2.8 (d, 2H), 2.25 (s, 6H), 1.92-1.94 (d, 3H), 1.57 (s, 9H).

1.16 Preparation of RG-115807

200 mg (0.47 mm) of 3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′-(3-formyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl)-hydrazide,0.5 g of triethylamine, 210 mg (1.9 mm) of semicarbazide hydrochloride,10 mL methanol and 2 drops of glacial acetic were added to a 100 mLround bottom flask and refluxed for 4 hours. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated on the rotary evaporator and redissolved in CHCl₃. Theresultant CHCl₃ solution was extracted twice with dilute NaHCO₃, dried,and evaporated to yield 0.16 g of crude product. TLC (1:1 ethylacetate:hexane) showed that major component was at the origin. Theproduct, 3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acid N-tert-butyl-N′-(3-formylsemicarbazide-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl)-hydrazide,was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 10%CH₃OH in ethyl acetate. ¹H NMR: (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): CD₃OD-CDCl₃;7.2 (d, 1H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.5-6.6 (2d, 1H), 6.2-6.3 (q,1H) 4.8 (m, 1H) 4.1-4.3 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 6H), 1.88 (m, 3H), 1.586 (s,9H).

1.17 Preparation of RG-115805

0.85 g (2 mm) of 3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′-(3-formyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl)-hydrazide,10 mL of warm t-butyl alcohol, and 20 mL of Aldrich phosphate buffer, pH7.2, #31925-2 were added to a 100 mL round bottom flask, which wasplaced into a 55° C. water bath. While stirring the reaction mixture,380 mg (2.4 mm) of potassium permanganate were slowly added and thereaction was stirred at 55° C. for 7 hours and at room temperature for24 hours. 10% aqueous NaOH was added until pH was 12 and the blackprecipitate (MnO₂) was filtered off. The aqueous solution was extractedwith ethyl acetate, thereby removing a brown color, transferred to aseparatory funnel, acidified with 1N HCL (whereupon productprecipitated), and then extracted twice with CHCl₃. The CHCl₃ extractwas dried, evaporated to dryness, and dried in a vacuum oven to yield0.76 g of product,7-[N′-tert-butyl-N′-(3,5-dimethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazinocarbonyl]-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-2-carboxylicacid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.06 (s, 2H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.6(q, 1H), 6.3 and 6.0 (d+d, 1H), 4.91 (m, 1H), 4.5-4-3 (m, 2H) 2.265 (s,6H), 2.13 and 1.90 (s+s, 3H) 1.588 (s, 9H); TLC: Rf=0-0.17, streak (1:1ethyl acetate:hexane).

1.18 Preparation of RG-115806

190 mg (4.3 mm) of7-[N′-tert-Butyl-N′-(3,5-dimethyl-benzyl)-hydrazinocarbonyl]-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-2-carboxylicacid. 15 mL of CH₃OH and 1 drop of concentrated sulfuric acid werestirred at room temperature for 24 hours. CH₃OH was removed on a rotaryevaporator and the residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ and extracted withdilute NaHCO₃ solution. CHCl₃ extract was dried and concentrated to give0.10 g of white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.52 (s, 1H),7.07 (s, 2H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.5-6.6 (q, 1H), 6.3 and 6.0 (d+d, 1H), 4.8(m, 1H), 4.4-4.2 (m, 2H), 3.772 (3H), 2.26 (s, 6H), 2.035 and 1.919(s+s, 3H), 1.584 (s, 9H). TLC: Rf.=0.35 (1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane).

1.19 Preparation of RG-115810

In a vial, 97 mg (0.32 mm) of7-[N′-tert-butyl-N′-3,5-dimethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazinocarbonyl]-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-2-carboxylicacid, 60 mg (0.35 mm) of pentafluorophenol, 60 mg (0.32 mm) of DCC and 3mL of ethyl acetate were stir ed at room temperature for 24 hours. Thereaction mixture was transferred to a round bottom flask and evaporatedto dryness. The residue was redissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and chromatographed onsilica gel. Elution with 40% ethyl acetate in hexane yielded thepentafluorophenol ester,7-[N′-tert-butyl-N′-(3,5-dimethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazinocarbonyl]-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-2-carboxylicacid pentafluorophenyl ester, in a quantity of 80 mg. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.03 (s, 2H), 6.95 (d, 1H), 6.6 (q, 1H),6.3 and 6.0 (d+d, 1H), 4.6 (m, 1H), 4.4 (m, 1H), 2.251 and 2.230 (s+s,6H), 2.052 and 1.903 (s+s, 3H), 1.58 and 1.574 (s+s, 9H) (many signalssplit); TLC: Rf=0.52 (1:1 hexane:ethyl acetate).

1.20 Preparation of RG-115811

In a vial, 80 mg (0.2 mm) of7-[N′-tert-butyl-N′-(3,5-dimethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazinocarbonyl]-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1.4]dioxine-2-carboxylicacid pentafluorophenyl ester and 2 mL of a 2 M CH₃NH₂ solution in THFwere stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture wastransferred to a silica chromatography column. Impurities were elutedwith 45% ethyl acetate in hexane and product,7-[N′-tert-buty-N′-(3,5-dimethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazinocarbonyl]-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-2-carboxylicacid methylamide, was eluted with 90% ethyl acetate in hexane. ¹H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 8.1 (d, 1H), 7.05 (s, 2H), 6.97 (d, 1H), 6.40(d, 1H), 6.00 (d, 1H) 4.45-4.25 (m, 2H), 3.9-4.0 (m, 1H), 2.88 and 2.86(s+s, 3H), 2.24 and 2.22 (s+s, 6H), 2.07 and 1.87 (s+s, 3H), 1.59 and1.57 (s+s, 9H) (several split signals); TLC: Rf=0.06 (1:1 ethylacetate:hexane).

1.21 Preparation of RG-115808

120 mg (0.28 mm) of 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′-(3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl)-hydrazide,70 mg (0.55 mm) of phenylisocyanate and 2 mL or CH₃CN were stirred in avial at room temperature for 24 hours. The CH₃CN was blown off with astream of N₂ and the residue was triturated with pentane. Thesupernatant was removed and the residual pentane blown off with N₂ togive 0.15 g of product phenyl-carbamic acid7-[N′-tert-butyl-N′-(3,5-dimethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazinocarbonyl]-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-2-ylmethylester. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.65 (d, 1H), 7.4-7.2 (in, 5H),7.1 (d, 1H), 7.06 (s, 2H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.86 (br s, 1H), 6.53 (d, 1H),6.12 (d, 1H), 4.5-4.2 (m, 3H), 4.0 (m, 2H), 2.23 (s, 6H), 1.94 (s, 3H),1.58 (s, 9H); TLC: Rf 0.4-0.5, streak (1:1 ethyl acetate hexane).

1.22 Preparation of RG-115809

150 mg (0.34 mm) of 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′-(3-cyanomethyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl)-hydrazidewere dissolved in 8 mL of glacial acetic acid and added to a Parrhydrogenation bottle, together with about 16 mg of PtO₂. Parrhydrogenation was conducted for 4 hours and the reaction mixture wasfiltered. The contents were transferred to a round bottom flask withCHCl₃ and ethyl acetate, and reaction mixture was concentrated todryness. The residue was redissolved with CHCl₃ and 0.1N KOH, andtransferred to a separatory funnel. The aqueous phase was againextracted with CHCl₃ and the CHCl₃ extract was dried, and concentratedto yield 0.14 g of product, 3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acidN′-[3-(2-amino-ethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-carbonyl]-N-tert-butyl-hydrazide. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.8 (d, 1H), 7.00 (s, 2H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 6.6-6.5 (m,1H), 6.2-6.1 (m, 1H), 4.4-3.8 (m, 3H), 2.9-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.244 (s, 6H),1.92 (t, 3H), 1.7 (m, 2H), 1.565 (s, 9H); TLC: Rf.=0.24 (1.1 ethylacetate:hexane).

1.23 Preparation of RG-119098

16.7 g (64.7 mmol) of benzyl 2-methyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate were mixedwith ethyl 2,3-dibromopropionate (20.17 g, 77.6 mmol), potassiumcarbonate (10.72 g, 77.6 mmol) and DMF (216 mL) and heated to 40-45° C.for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with ether, washed oncewith water and thrice with brine. The organic layer was dried overmagnesium sulfate and evaporated. A small sample was purified by flashchromatography, eluting with 10% ether/methylene chloride. Kugelrohrdistillation under high vacuum, and heating up to 200° C. does notvolatilize the desired product, which remains in the distillation flaskas an orange oil. Nonetheless, such treatment provided some purificationof 8-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-2 (or 3),7-dicarboxylic acid7-benzyl ester 2 (or 3)-ethyl ester. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm):7.565 and 7.525 (d+d, 1H), 7.4 (m, 5H), 6.865 and 6.725 (d+d, 1H), 5.3(s, 2H), 4.9 (m, 1H), 4.4 (m, 2H), 4.3 (m, 2H), 2.54 and 2.46 (s+s, 3H),1.3 (m, 3H).

The approximately 1:1:1:1 mixture of benzodioxan regio- andstereoisomers which RG-119098 comprises,8-methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine-2 (or 3),7-dicarboxylic acid7-benzyl ester 2 (or 3)-ethyl ester, were resolved from one another tobaseline resolution and purified on a multi-gram scale using aChiralcel® OD-H® HPLC chiral chromatography column, serial#ODH0CE-CB035. The mobile phase was 97.5:2.5 hexane:ethanol at a flowrate of 1 ml/min. at 25 C. Each of the four isomers was isolated fromthe remaining three. The work was performed by Chiral Technologies, 730Spring Drive, Exton Pa.

In another experiment, approximately 12 g of benzyl ester RG-119098 waspurified on silica gel. Elution with hexane yielded approximately 10 gof a toughly 1:1 mixture of 2 regioisomers. These were designated the“2.46 isomer” and the “2.54 isomer”, based upon the absorbance of thebenzylic CH₃, group. Continued elution with 10% ethyl acetate in hexaneproduced a sample that was enriched in the 2.46 isomer in a ratio ofapproximately 2:1 relative to the 2.54 isomer. Re-chromatography of thismaterial in a gradient of 6-9% ethyl acetate in hexane demonstratedfurther enrichment of the 2.46 isomer. Thus, the fraction eluted with 8%ethyl acetate in hexane was comprised of a 6:1 ratio and the 9% fractionwas comprised of an 8:1 ratio of the 2.46:2.54 isomers.

The isomers are tentatively assigned as in the diagram based onanalogous ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) signals to those of a related2-hydroxymethylbenzodioxan of known regiochemistry, based on correlationto the crystal structure of RG-119097. Comparison of the ¹H NMR ofisolated isomers comprising RG-119098 to the corresponding ethyl estercorrelated to RG-119097 (isomer III indicated in diagram) would providean unambiguous regiochemical assignment of each isomer.

Example 2 Biological Testing of Compounds

The ligands of the present invention are useful in various applicationsincluding gene therapy, expression of proteins of interest in hostcells, production of transgenic organisms, and cell-based assays.

27-63 Assay Gene Expression Cassette

GAL4 DBD (1-147)-CfEcR(DEF)/VP16AD-βRXREFD-LmUSPEF:

The wild-type D, E, and F domains from spruce budworm Choristoneurafumiferana EcR (“CfEcR-DEF”; SEQ ID NO: 1) were fused to a GAL4 DNAbinding domain (“Gal4DBD1-147”; SEQ ID NO: 2) and placed under thecontrol of a phosphoglycerate kinase promoter (“PGK”; SEQ ID NO: 3).Helices 1 through 8 of the EF domains from Homo sapiens RXRβ(“HsRXRβ-EF”; nucleotides 1-465 of SEQ ID NO: 4) and helices 9 through12 of the EF domains of Locusta migratoria Ultraspiracle Protein(“LmUSP-EF”; nucleotides 403-630 of SEQ ID NO: 5) were fused to thetransactivation domain from VP16 (“VP16AD”; SEQ ID NO: 6) and placedunder the control of an elongation factor-1α promoter (“EF-1α”; SEQ IDNO: 7). Five consensus GAL4 response element binding sites (“5×GAL4RE”;comprising 5 copies of a GAL4RE comprising SEQ ID NO: 8) were fused to asynthetic TATA minimal promoter (SEQ ID NO: 9) and placed upstream ofthe luciferase reporter gene (SEQ ID NO: 10).

CHO cells were transiently transfected with transcription cassettes forGAL4 DBD (1-147) CfEcR(DEF) and for VP16AD βRXREP-LmUSPEF controlled byubiquitously active cellular promoters (PGK and EF-1α, respectively) ona single plasmid. Stably transfected cells were selected by Zeocinresistance. Individually isolated CHO cell clones were transientlytransfected with a GAL4 RE-luciferase reporter (pFR Luc). 27-63 clonewas selected using Hygromycin.

Treatment with Ligand

Cells were trypsinized and diluted to a concentration of 2.5×10⁴ cellsmL. 100 μL of cell suspension was placed in each well of a 96 well plateand incubated at 37° C. under 5% CO₂ for 24 h. Ligand stock solutionswere prepared in DMSO and diluted 300 fold for all treatments. Doseresponse testing consisted of 8 concentrations ranging from 33 μM to0.01 μM.

Reporter Gene Assay

Luciferase reporter gene expression was measured 48 h after celltreatment using Bright-Glo™ Luciferase Assay System from Promega(E2650). Luminescence was detected at room temperature using a Dynex MLXmicrotiter plate luminometer. EC₅₀s were calculated from dose responsedata using a three-parameter logistic model.

The results of the assays are shown in Table 1. Each assay was conductedin two separate wells, and the two values were averaged. Relative Max FIwas determined as the maximum fold induction of the tested ligand (anembodiment of the invention) observed at any concentration relative tothe maximum fold induction of GS-™-E (3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-tert-butyl-N′-(2-ethyl-3-methoxy-benzoyl)-hydrazide) observed at anyconcentration.

TABLE 1 Biological Assay Results for Compounds EC₅₀ (μM)/relative Max F1Compound 27-63 Assay RG-115789 1.85/0.81 RG-115790 >33/0.0  RG-115805 >33/0.01 RG-115806  ~33/0.25 RG-115807 3.34/0.80 RG-115808 1.12/2.37RG-115809 3.25/1.09 RG-115810  ~20/1.23 RG-115811  >33/0.24 RG-1158122.68/0.86 RG-115813  >33/0.01 RG-115814 0.32/1.0  RG-115815  0.3/0.738RG-115816 4.22/0.85 RG-115817 2.90/0.95 RG-115818 5.26/0.90 RG-1158430.85/0.73 RG-115844  1.23/0.352 RG-115853  0.10/0.898 RG-115854 0.20/0.917 RG-115845 4.47/0.52 RG-115855 0.0267/1.16  RG-115860 Avg F1= 2307 at 33 μM RG-115877 2.25/1.48 RG-115878 0.10/1.05 Reference:RG-102317 0.102 GS ™-E ligand 0.288 GS ™-E ligand = 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoicacid N-tert-butyl-N′-(2-ethyl-3-methoxy-benzoyl)-hydrazide

In addition, one of ordinary skill in the art is also able to predictthat the ligands disclosed herein will also work to modulate geneexpression in various cell types described above using gene expressionsystems based on group H and group B nuclear receptors.

1-5. (canceled)
 6. A method of modulating the expression of a targetgene in a host cell, wherein the host cell includes a first geneexpression cassette comprising a first polynucleotide encoding a firstpolypeptide comprising: (i) a transactivation domain; (ii) a DNA-bindingdomain; and (iii) a Group H nuclear receptor ligand binding domain; asecond gene expression cassette comprising: (i) a response elementcapable of binding to said DNA binding domain; (ii) a promoter that isactivated by the transactivation domain; and (iii) said target gene; themethod comprising contacting said host cell with a compound of theformula:

wherein X and X′ are independently O or S; Y is: (a) substituted orunsubstituted phenyl wherein the substituents are independently 1-5 H,(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₂-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),(C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, cyano, or nitro; or (b) substituted orunsubstituted 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl, wherein thesubstituents are independently 1-4 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,(C₂-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino,cyano, or nitro; R¹ and R² are independently: H; cyano;cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₇) branched or straight-chainalkyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₇) branched orstraight-chain alkenyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₃-C₇)branched or straight-chain alkynylalkyl; or together the valences of R¹and R² form a (C₁-C₇) cyano-substituted or unsubstituted alkylidenegroup (R^(a)R^(b)C═) wherein the sum of non-substituent carbons in R^(a)and R^(b) is 0-6; R³ is H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyano;R⁴, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,(C₂-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino,cyano, or nitro; and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₂-C₄)alkenyl, (C₃-C₄)alkynylalkyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, cyano, or nitro; wherein thenumber of carbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution, foreither or both of groups R¹ or R² is greater than 4, and the number ofcarbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution, for the sum ofgroups R¹, R², and R³ is 10, 11, or
 12. 7. The method of claim 6,wherein the compound is of the specified formula and: X and X′ are O; Yis: (a) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl wherein the substituents areindependently 1-5 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),(C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or nitro; or (b) substituted or unsubstituted2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl, wherein the substituents areindependently 1-4 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),(C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or nitro; R³ is H, methyl, ethyl, or cyano; R⁴,R⁷, and R⁸ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F,Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or nitro; and R⁵ and R⁶ areindependently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, cyano, or nitro.
 8. (canceled)
 9. Themethod of claim 7, wherein the compound is of the specified formula and:Y is: (a) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl wherein the substituentsare independently 1-5 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br,I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; or (b) substituted or unsubstituted 3-pyridyl,wherein the substituents are independently 1-4 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; R¹ and R² areindependently: H; cyano; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₇)branched or straight-chain alkyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted(C₂-C₇) branched or straight-chain alkenyl; cyano-substituted orunsubstituted (C₃-C₇) branched or straight-chain alkynylalkyl; ortogether the valences of R¹ and R² form a (C₁-C₇) cyano-substituted orunsubstituted alkylidene group (R^(a)R^(b)C═) wherein the sum ofnon-substituent carbons in R^(a) and R^(b) is 0-3; R³ is methyl; R⁴, R⁷,and R⁸ are independently selected from: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently:H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, or (C₁-C₄)alkoxy.10. The method of claim 6, wherein the compound is selected from thegroup consisting of: a) 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, b)3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(4-ethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, c)3,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-benzoicacid-N-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide,d) 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-benzoicacid-N-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(4-ethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, e)2-Methoxy-nicotinic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(4-ethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, f)3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-3,4,4-trimethyl-pent-2-enyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide,g) 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-pentyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide,and h) 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-pent-4-enyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide.11. A method to modulate the expression of one or more exogenous genesin a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effectiveamount of a ligand of the formula:

wherein X and X′ are independently O or S; Y is: (a) substituted orunsubstituted phenyl wherein the substituents are independently 1-5 H,(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₂-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),(C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, cyano, or nitro; or (b) substituted orunsubstituted 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl, wherein thesubstituents are independently 1-4 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,(C₂-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino,cyano, or nitro; R¹ and R² are independently: H; cyano;cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₇) branched or straight-chainalkyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₇) branched orstraight-chain alkenyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₃-C₇)branched or straight-chain alkenylalkyl; or together the valences of R¹and R² form a (C₁-C₇) cyano-substituted or unsubstituted alkylidenegroup (R^(a)R^(b)C═) wherein the sum of non-substituent carbons in R^(a)and R^(b) is 0-6; R³ is H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyano;R⁴, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,(C₂-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino,cyano, or nitro; and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₂-C₄)alkenyl, (C₃-C₄) alkenylalkyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, cyano, or nitro wherein thenumber of carbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution, foreither or both of groups R¹ or R² is greater than 4, and the number ofcarbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution, for the sum ofgroups R¹, R², and R³ is 10, 11, or
 12. 12. A method for regulatingendogenous or heterologous gene expression in a transgenic subjectcomprising contacting a ligand with an ecdysone receptor complex withinthe cells of the subject, wherein the cells further contain a DNAbinding sequence for the ecdysone receptor complex when in combinationwith the ligand and wherein formation of an ecdysone receptorcomplex-ligand-DNA binding sequence complex induces expression of thegene, and where the ligand has the following formula:

wherein X and X′ are independently O or S; Y is: (a) substituted orunsubstituted phenyl wherein the substituents are independently 1-5 H,(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₂-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),(C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, cyano, or nitro; or (b) substituted orunsubstituted 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl, wherein thesubstituents substitutents are independently from 1-4 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₂-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl,hydroxy, amino, cyano, or nitro; R¹ and R² are independently: H; cyano;cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₇) branched or straight-chainalkyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₇) branched orstraight-chain alkenyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₃-C₇)branched or straight-chain alkenylalkyl; or together the valences of R¹and R² form a (C₁-C₇) cyano-substituted or unsubstituted alkylidenegroup (R^(a)R^(b)C═) wherein the sum of non-substituent carbons in R^(a)and R^(b) is 0-6; R³ is H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyano;R⁴, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,(C₂-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino,cyano, or nitro; and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₂-C₄)alkenyl, (C₃-C₄) alkenylalkyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, cyano, or nitro wherein thenumber of carbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution, foreither or both of groups R¹ or R² is greater than 4, and the number ofcarbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution, for the sum ofgroups R¹, R², and R³ is 10, 11, or
 12. 13. The method of claim 12,wherein the ecdysone receptor complex is a chimeric ecdysone receptorcomplex and the DNA construct further comprises a promoter.
 14. Themethod of claim 12, wherein the subject is a plant.
 15. The method ofclaim 12, wherein the subject is a mammal.
 16. A method of modulatingthe expression of a gene in a host cell comprising the steps of: a)introducing into the host cell a gene expression modulation systemcomprising: i) a first gene expression cassette that is capable of beingexpressed in a host cell comprising a polynucleotide sequence thatencodes a first hybrid polypeptide comprising: (a) a DNA-binding domainthat recognizes a response element associated with a gene whoseexpression is to be modulated; and (b) an ecdysone receptor ligandbinding domain; ii) a second gene expression cassette that is capable ofbeing expressed in the host cell comprising a polynucleotide sequencethat encodes a second hybrid polypeptide comprising: (a) atransactivation domain; and (b) a chimeric retinoid X receptor ligandbinding domain; and iii) a third gene expression cassette that iscapable of being expressed in a host cell comprising a polynucleotidesequence comprising: (a) a response element recognized by theDNA-binding domain of the first hybrid polypeptide; (b) a promoter thatis activated by the transactivation domain of the second hybridpolypeptide; and (c) a gene whose expression is to be modulated; and b)introducing into the host cell a ligand of the formula:

wherein X and X′ are independently O or S; Y is: (a) substituted orunsubstituted phenyl wherein the substituents are independently 1-5 H,(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₂-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),(C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, cyano, or nitro; or (b) substituted orunsubstituted 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl, wherein thesubstituents are independently 1-4 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,(C₂-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino,cyano, or nitro; R¹ and R² are independently: H; cyano;cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₇) branched or straight-chainalkyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₇) branched orstraight-chain alkenyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₃-C₇)branched or straight-chain alkenylalkyl; or together the valences of R¹and R² form a (C₁-C₇) cyano-substituted or unsubstituted alkylidenegroup (R^(a)R^(b)C═) wherein the sum of non-substituent carbons in R^(a)and R^(b) is 0-6; R³ is H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyano;R⁴, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,(C₂-C₄)alkenyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino,cyano, or nitro; and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₂-C₄)alkenyl, (C₃-C₄) alkenylalkyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, cyano, or nitro wherein thenumber of carbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution, foreither or both of groups R¹ or R² is greater than 4, and the number ofcarbon atoms, excluding those of cyano substitution, for the sum ofgroups R¹, R², and R³ is 10, 11, or
 12. 17. (canceled)
 18. The method ofclaim 11, wherein the compound is of the specified formula and: X and X′are O; Y is: (a) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl wherein thesubstituents are independently 1-5 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo(F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or nitro; or (b) substituted orunsubstituted 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl, wherein thesubstituents are independently 1-4 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo(F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or nitro; (b) R³ is H, methyl,ethyl, or cyano; R⁴, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or nitro;and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, cyano, or nitro.
 19. Themethod of claim 18, wherein the compound is of the specified formulaand: Y is: (a) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl wherein thesubstituents are independently 1-5 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo(F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; or (b) substituted or unsubstituted3-pyridyl, wherein the substituents are independently 1-4 H,(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; R¹and R² are independently: H; cyano; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted(C₁-C₇) branched or straight-chain alkyl; cyano-substituted orunsubstituted (C₂-C₇) branched or straight-chain alkenyl;cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₃-C₇) branched or straight-chainalkenylalkyl; or together the valences of R¹ and R² form a (C₁-C₇)cyano-substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group (R^(a)R^(b)C═)wherein the sum of non-substituent carbons in R^(a) and R^(b) is 0-3; R³is methyl; R⁴, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from: H,(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; andR⁵ and R⁶ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄haloalkyl, or (C₁-C₄)alkoxy.
 20. The method of claim 11, wherein thecompound is selected from the group consisting of: a)3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, b)3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(4-ethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, c)3,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-benzoicacid-N-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide,d) 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-benzoicacid-N-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(4-ethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, e)2-Methoxy-nicotinic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(4-ethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, f)3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-3,4,4-trimethyl-pent-2-enyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide,g) 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-pentyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide,and h) 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-pent-4-enyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide.21. The method of claim 12, wherein the compound is of the specifiedformula and: X and X′ are O; Y is: (a) substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl wherein the substituents are independently 1-5 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or nitro;or (b) substituted or unsubstituted 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl,wherein the substituents are independently 1-4 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or nitro;(b) R³ is H, methyl, ethyl, or cyano; R⁴, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently:H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl,cyano, or nitro; and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo(F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, cyano,or nitro.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the compound is of thespecified formula and: Y is: (a) substituted or unsubstituted phenylwherein the substituents are independently 1-5 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; or (b) substitutedor unsubstituted 3-pyridyl, wherein the substituents are independently1-4 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),(C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; R¹ and R² are independently: H; cyano;cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₇) branched or straight-chainalkyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₇) branched orstraight-chain alkenyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₃-C₇)branched or straight-chain alkenylalkyl; or together the valences of R¹and R² form a (C₁-C₇) cyano-substituted or unsubstituted alkylidenegroup (R^(a)R^(b)C═) wherein the sum of non-substituent carbons in R^(a)and R^(b) is 0-3; R³ is methyl; R⁴, R⁷, and R⁸ are independentlyselected from: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),(C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo(F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, or (C₁-C₄)alkoxy.
 23. The method ofclaim 12, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:a) 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, b)3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(4-ethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, c)3,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-benzoicacid-N-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide,d) 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-benzoicacid-N-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(4-ethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, e)2-Methoxy-nicotinic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(4-ethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, f)3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-3,4,4-trimethyl-pent-2-enyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide,g) 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-pentyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide,and h) 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-pent-4-enyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide.24. The method of claim 16, wherein the compound is of the specifiedformula and: X and X′ are O; Y is: (a) substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl wherein the substituents are independently 1-5 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or nitro;or (b) substituted or unsubstituted 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl,wherein the substituents are independently 1-4 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, cyano, or nitro;(b) R³ is H, methyl, ethyl, or cyano; R⁴, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently:H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl,cyano, or nitro; and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo(F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, cyano,or nitro.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the compound is of thespecified formula and: Y is: (a) substituted or unsubstituted phenylwherein the substituents are independently 1-5 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I), (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; or (b) substitutedor unsubstituted 3-pyridyl, wherein the substituents are independently1-4 H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),(C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; R¹ and R² are independently: H; cyano;cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₇) branched or straight-chainalkyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₇) branched orstraight-chain alkenyl; cyano-substituted or unsubstituted (C₃-C₇)branched or straight-chain alkenylalkyl; or together the valences of R¹and R² form a (C₁-C₇) cyano-substituted or unsubstituted alkylidenegroup (R^(a)R^(b)C═) wherein the sum of non-substituent carbons in R^(a)and R^(b) is 0-3; R³ is methyl; R⁴, R⁷, and R⁸ are independentlyselected from: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),(C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently: H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo(F, Cl, Br, I), C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, or (C₁-C₄)alkoxy.
 26. The method ofclaim 16, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:a) 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, b)3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(4-ethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, c)3,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-benzoicacid-N-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide,d) 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-benzoicacid-N-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(4-ethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, e)2-Methoxy-nicotinic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-heptyl)-N′-(4-ethyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide, f)3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-tert-butyl-3,4,4-trimethyl-pent-2-enyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide,g) 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-pentyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide,and h) 3,5-Dimethyl-benzoic acidN-(1-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-pent-4-enyl)-N′-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazide.